During translation, the message in mRNA is translated into a protein. The small subunit of ribosome and the large subunit of ribosome play a crucial role in this process.
The mRNA molecule binds to the small subunit, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule until it reaches the start codon. tRNA molecules, which carry specific amino acids, bind to the ribosome through their anticodons, which are complementary to the codons on the mRNA. The ribosome facilitates the formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, which are brought in by tRNA molecules.
As the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule, new amino acids are added to the growing chain until a stop codon is reached, at which point the protein is released. Therefore, the structures and molecules involved in translation include the small subunit of ribosome, the large subunit of ribosome, tRNA, anticodon, amino acid, and mRNA.
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what do we call an individual that inherits 2 diffrent allens for the same trait
a homozygous
b heterozygous
c bizygous
An individual that inherits two different alleles for the same trait is said to be heterozygous for that trait. The correct answer is option b.
A trait has two alleles, one is the dominant allele (denoted by capital letter) and the other is recessive allele (denoted by small letter).
When an individual inherits two same copies of the allele, whether both dominant or both recessive, such an individual is referred to as homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive for that trait.
An individual who is heterozygous for that trait has one dominant allele and the other recessive allele. In such a case, the dominant allele masks the phenotypic expression of the recessive allele.
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Non vascular plants are found in damp shady areas.
True or False?
The statement "Nonvascular plants are found in damp shady areas" is true because nonvascular plants lack a specialized system of tubes for transporting water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
Nonvascular plants, also known as bryophytes, include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are small and simple plants that lack roots, stems, and leaves. Instead, they have specialized structures called rhizoids, which anchor them to the ground and absorb water and nutrients.
Nonvascular plants reproduce through spores, rather than seeds, which also require a moist environment to germinate. Because they cannot regulate water loss through stomata like vascular plants, they are more susceptible to desiccation and require constant moisture to survive, the statement is true.
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protein secondary structure is important to the function of proteins and consists of three main types: alpha helix, beta strand, and beta turn. what type of protein secondary structure is highlighted? choose one: a. alpha helix b. beta strand c. beta turn
Alpha helix of protein secondary structure is highlighted.
A is the correct answer.
In a polypeptide chain, the adjacent amino acid residues are arranged in a secondary structure that is predictable and repeated. Between the amide hydrogens and the carbonyl oxygens of the peptide backbone, hydrogen bonds are formed to keep it in place. In terms of secondary structures, -helices and -structures are the most prevalent.
The secondary protein structure known as alpha helix is created by twisting polypeptide chains into a configuration resembling a right-handed screw. The stability of the helix structure is due to hydrogen bonds that are established between the -NH- group of amino acids in one turn and the >C=O. group of amino acids that belong to the adjacent turn.
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As a group, describe the range of changes in the amino acid sequence that can result from this
type of mutation.
This type of mutation can result in a range of changes in the amino acid sequence, including missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and silent mutations.
Missense mutations are substitutions that change a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, resulting in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein. This can have varying effects on the function of the protein, depending on the specific amino acid change and its location within the protein structure.
Nonsense mutations, on the other hand, result in the premature termination of protein synthesis by introducing a stop codon in the DNA sequence. This leads to the production of a truncated protein that is usually nonfunctional or partially functional.
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During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated when the mitotic spindle fibers shorten? metaphase telophase anaphase prophase
During which anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separated when the mitotic spindle fibers shortens.
The separation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase of mitosis. During anaphase, the mitotic spindle fibers, which are composed of microtubules, shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart towards opposite poles of the cell. This separation is facilitated by the enzyme separase, which cleaves the protein cohesin that holds the sister chromatids together. Once the sister chromatids are separated, each chromatid is considered a separate chromosome. Anaphase is followed by telophase, during which the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell and new nuclei begin to form around them.
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Atrial fibrillation can cause ____ in the bloodstream.A. FatB. ClotsC. AntibodiesD. Low oxygen content
Atrial fibrillation can cause clots in the bloodstream. Option B. clots is correct .
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a type of heart arrhythmia characterized by an irregular and often rapid heartbeat. When the heart beats irregularly, blood can pool in the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. The risk of developing blood clots is increased in individuals with AFib, especially if they have other risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or a history of previous strokes. To reduce the risk of blood clots in individuals with AFib, doctors may prescribe anticoagulant medications such as warfarin or aspirin, which help to prevent the formation of clots.
In summary, This can cause the blood to form clots, which can then travel through the bloodstream and potentially cause a stroke if they become lodged in a blood vessel in the brain. Hence, the correct answer is B. Clots.
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Cell fluid is made of water with other substances dissolved into it. When a cucumber slice is placed into 100% pure water, which way will the water immediately begin to move?
A.
out of the cucumber cells
B.
into the cucumber cells
C.
water will move in and out equally
D.
water will not move
Osmosis is a method by which molecules of solvent flow from an inexpensive solution to an extremely concentrated solution via a membrane with a Adding salt to cucumber slices pulls out excess moisture from the veggie.
The correct answer is :C.
What occurs when you immerse a cucumber in water?In transferring across the cells into the salt solution, the water present in cells of cucumber aims to level off the unequal quantities. As a result of this, the cucumber lose water and turns mushy. This is commonly referred to as a hypertonic environment.
Which direction is the salt, vinegar, alum, and water flowing into or out of the cucumber?Because the content of water inside a cucumber is approximately 98%, we can estimate that solutes such as vinegar, salt, and alumina will have to diffuse into the cucumber. Water, on the different hand, which makes up 98% of a a cucumber, is released by osmosis.
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which hormone seems most likely with aggressive behavior? Testosterone or Estrogen?
Interaction:Caterpillars (1) eat passionflower leaves (2)
It is known that caterpillars eat a variety of plants, but passionflower leaves are one of their favorite sources of food. Caterpillars get the energy they need to grow and develop from these nutritious leaves.
Caterpillars use the nutrients in passionflower leaves to build their bodies when they eat them. As they eat, they develop and shed their skin a few times before ultimately framing a chrysalis and transforming into a butterfly or moth.
Although the caterpillars of these particular butterflies are able to consume the foliage, passion flower vines contain toxic compounds known as cyanogenic glycosides, which deter the majority of herbivores.
Most normal are those that consume leaves and needles. However, many species of trees and shrubs support those that bore into cones or fruit, tunnel into branches and trunks or bore into leaves or needles. Albeit a considerable number of caterpillars feed on trees and bushes, most happen constantly in low numbers and are seldom harming.
For a wide range of insects, particularly butterflies, the leaves of passionflower are a popular source of food. Butterflies will likewise frequently lay their eggs on energy bloom plants, which prompts them to be chomped by hungry caterpillars. Other potential guilty parties incorporate scarabs, slugs, and snails.
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many hormones are measured for diagnostic reasons by using the plasma levels of the hormones. what is used today to measure plasma hormone levels?
Today, immunoassay techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) are commonly used to measure plasma hormone levels for diagnostic purposes.
These methods rely on the specific binding between a hormone and its corresponding antibody to detect and quantify the hormone in the sample. Other techniques, such as mass spectrometry, are also used for hormone analysis, particularly in research settings.
Today, to measure plasma hormone levels, a common method used is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is a sensitive and reliable technique that detects and quantifies hormones in plasma samples by utilizing specific antibodies and enzymes for each hormone of interest.
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Question 4
Which organism would probably survive in a hot tub?
a. E coli
b. Vibrio cholera
c. Entamoeba histolytica
d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa organism would probably survive in a hot tub. So the correct option is D.
The organism most likely to survive in a hot tub is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is because Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common waterborne bacterium that can survive in a wide range of environments, including warm water. It is also resistant to many disinfectants, making it difficult to eliminate from water sources.
On the other hand, E. coli is a bacterium that is commonly found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals and humans and may indicate fecal contamination in water. Vibrio cholera and Entamoeba histolytica are both waterborne pathogens that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans and are unlikely to survive in hot tub temperatures.
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Question 34 Marks: 1 The microbe primarily responsible for skin infections in whirlpoolsChoose one answer. a. escherichia coli b. pseudomonas aeruginosa c. shigella sonnei d. salmonella typhimurium
Answer: b. pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium found in soil, water, and moist environments such as whirlpools.
It is a leading cause of skin infections in people who use public or private swimming pools and hot tubs. The bacteria can enter the skin through cuts, scrapes, or other wounds, causing a range of skin infections, including folliculitis, hot tub rash, and swimmer's ear. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or cancer. To prevent skin infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it is essential to maintain proper hygiene and disinfect swimming pools and hot tubs regularly.
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What is the purpose of the pGLO plasmid?
The purpose of the pGLO plasmid is to facilitate genetic transformation by introducing a gene of interest into a target organism, often bacteria, to express desired traits.
pGLO contains the GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) gene, which enables transformed cells to emit green fluorescence under UV light, and the ampicillin resistance gene, allowing for selection of successfully transformed cells in ampicillin-containing media. The pGLO plasmid is a type of engineered DNA molecule that contains several genetic elements, including a gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a jellyfish and a gene encoding resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. By introducing the pGLO plasmid into a target organism, such as E. coli bacteria, scientists can use a technique called genetic transformation to transfer the plasmid DNA into the bacterial cells. Once inside the bacterial cells, the pGLO plasmid can replicate independently of the host genome, and the genes it carries can be expressed to confer new traits on the bacteria.
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Question 27 Marks: 1 The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) prohibits the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters unless a permit is issued byChoose one answer. a. EPA b. the State c. wastewater treatment agency d. a or b
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) prohibits the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters unless a permit is issued by either the EPA or the state. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
The NPDES program is administered by the EPA, but authorized states can also issue permits if they meet certain requirements and have a program that is at least as stringent as the federal program.
The National Pollutant release Elimination System (NPDES) forbids the release of the contaminants into U.S. waters without a permit from the EPA or the state. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
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What are the 3 outputs of light-independent reactions?
The 3 outputs of the light-independent reactions are sugar , NADP, and ADP.
The light-independent reaction are the series of the different reactions in which the carbon dioxide is to be converted in the glucose. This reaction are the self-sustaining cycle, this is also referred the Calvin cycle.
The light-independent reactions does not involve the light to occur, that is why it is also referred or called as the dark reaction. The overall reaction for the light-independent reaction is :
6CO₂ + 12NADPH + 18ATP ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 12NADP + 18ADP + 18P
The three stages in the light-independent reaction are :
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In phylogenetics, a group of organisms used as a point of reference for comparison with the groups of primary interest
In phylogenetics, a group of organisms used as a point of reference for comparison with the groups of primary interest is called an outgroup. An outgroup is a species or group of species that is closely related to the taxa of interest (the ingroup) but not part of it.
The purpose of using an outgroup is to provide a baseline for comparison of the characteristics of the ingroup. By comparing the characteristics of the outgroup to those of the ingroup, researchers can determine which traits are unique to the ingroup and which traits are shared with the outgroup.
This information can then be used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which represents the evolutionary relationships among the different taxa.
In constructing a phylogenetic tree, the outgroup is typically placed at the base of the tree, and the ingroup taxa are branched off from it. The outgroup is used to root the tree, providing a starting point for tracing the evolutionary history of the ingroup.
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What is Flexor Digitorum Longus (insertion and Innervation)?
The Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) is a muscle located in the lower leg.
Its insertion is the distal phalanx of the big toe, and it is innervated by the tibial nerve. The FHL muscle is responsible for flexing the big toe, plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, and stabilization of the foot during walking and other weight-bearing activities.
It plays an important role in maintaining balance and stability of the foot and ankle, particularly during movements that require changes in direction or sudden stops. Injuries to the FHL can result in pain, weakness, and instability in the foot and ankle, and may require treatment such as physical therapy or surgery depending on the severity of the injury.
The flexor hallucis longus muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve and inserts into the distal phalanx of the big toe. Its main function is to flex the big toe, as well as assisting in plantar flexion of the foot.
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a cross between two heterozygous short-tailed mice results in offspring in the ratio of 67 short-tailed and 34 long-tailed. the best explanation for this result is
The best explanation for this result is that the gene for tail length is likely controlled by a single gene with two different alleles, one for short tails and one for long tails.
The two mice used in the cross were both heterozygous for this gene, meaning they had one allele for short tails and one allele for long tails. The offspring inherited one allele from each parent, resulting in a ratio of 3:1 for short-tailed to long-tailed offspring.
This follows the expected pattern of Mendelian inheritance for a single gene trait with two alleles. In this case, the observed ratio of 67 short-tailed to 34 long-tailed offspring is approximately 2:1, which suggests that the short-tailed trait is dominant over the long-tailed trait.
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Scientists have used the big bang theory to make numerous predictions about the universe. One of their predictions is that about 75% of the visible matter in the universe should be hydrogen and about 25% should be helium. How could a scientist test this prediction? A. measure the amount of cosmic microwave background radiation in the universe B. compare the number of galaxies with blueshifted spectra to those with redshifted spectra C. analyze the spectra of electromagnetic radiation from stars and galaxies D. collect molecular samples from stars and galaxies to determine their composition
Scientist could test this prediction by : C.) analyze the spectra of electromagnetic radiation from stars and galaxies.
How could it be predicted that 75% of visible matter should be hydrogen and 25% helium?The prediction that about 75% of the visible matter in the universe should be hydrogen and about 25% should be helium can be tested by analyzing the spectra of electromagnetic radiation from stars and galaxies.
Spectroscopy is a powerful tool used by astronomers to study the composition of stars and galaxies by examining the specific wavelengths of light that are absorbed or emitted by different elements. Each element has a unique spectral signature that can be used to identify its presence and abundance.
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When water reacts with sulfur trioxide to form sulfuric acid in the space below. The equation for this reaction is: H2O + SO2 → H2SO4
Give the before and after of the reaction and explain if the reaction is balanced or not
The reaction is balanced because each element has an equal amount of atoms on both sides of the equation.
The balanced equation for the reaction between water and sulfur trioxide to form sulfuric acid is:
[tex]H_2SO_4 + H_2O - > H_3O^+ + HSO_4^-[/tex]
The before and after of the reaction can be written as follows:
Before:
H₂SO₄ + H₂O
After:
H₃O⁺ + HSO₄⁻
The reaction is balanced because the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.
On the left side of the equation, we have:
2 hydrogen atoms (2H) from H₂SO₄
1 oxygen atom (O) from H₂O
1 sulfur atom (S) from H₂SO₄
On the right side of the equation, we have:
3 hydrogen atoms (3H) from H₃O⁺ and HSO₄⁻
4 oxygen atoms (4O) from H₂SO₄ , H₂O, H₃O⁺ and HSO₄⁻
1 sulfur atom (S) from H₂SO₄
Therefore, the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation, and the reaction is balanced.
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A modification of the digestive epithelium that allows expansion of the organ is the presence of:
A) flat surfaces.
B) mucous glands.
C) ciliated columnar cells.
D) folds or pleats.
E) large amounts of skeletal muscle.
A modification of the digestive epithelium that allows expansion of the organ is the presence of folds or pleats.
D is the correct answer.
As food and drink are consumed, Rugae, which are ridges on the inside wall of the stomach, allow the stomach to enlarge. A third layer of smooth muscle, known as the inner oblique muscles, is also present in the stomach wall. These muscles support the peristaltic contractions, which are responsible for turning the bolus into chyme.
In order to maximise food absorption and digestion, the small intestinal mucosa's lining is extremely highly specialised. Villi, which enhance the surface area and aid in absorption, are formed by highly folded tiny finger-like projections on the lining.
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Does CO2 or glucose have more energy? Which form?
Glucose has more energy than CO2. Glucose is a complex organic molecule that is commonly used as a source of energy by living organisms. When glucose is broken down in a process called cellular respiration, it releases a large amount of energy that can be used by cells to carry out their functions.
On the other hand, CO2 (carbon dioxide) is a simple inorganic molecule that is a byproduct of cellular respiration and other metabolic processes. It does not contain much energy in its molecular bonds and is not typically used as a source of energy by living organisms.
Therefore, in terms of energy content, glucose has more energy than CO2
what do these models show about where energy storage molecules come from?
The models show the fate of energy storage molecules during the process of photosynthesis in a producer cell.
Plants are autotrophic, i.e. they produce their food themselves through photosynthesis, and hence are also called producers. During the process of photosynthesis, plants utilize light energy from the Sun to synthesize glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) from carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O), within the chloroplasts. It can be summarized by the equation:
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
Light energy is converted into chemical energy during the process of photosynthesis. Glucose serves as an energy storage molecule. The model shows that the atoms get rearranged during this reaction and the carbon atom that was present in the carbon dioxide molecule ends up in the glucose molecule.
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Question 62
Campylobacter (C. jejuni/C. coli, C. fetus subsp. fetus) may be safely used in the laboratory as a minimum at
a. biosafety level 1 b. biosafety level 2 c. biosafety level 3 d. biosafety level 4
Campylobacter (C. jejuni/C. coli, C. fetus subsp. fetus) can be safely handled in the laboratory with appropriate biosafety precautions. However, the level of precautions required will depend on the specific strain being handled and the potential risk it poses to laboratory workers and the surrounding environment.
Generally, C. jejuni and C. coli can be handled at biosafety level 2, which includes measures such as access controls, protective clothing, and decontamination procedures. However, if the strain is known to have additional virulence factors or is associated with severe disease outcomes, higher-level precautions may be required, such as biosafety level 3. In contrast, C. fetus subsp. fetus is a more significant risk and typically requires biosafety level 3 or 4 precautions due to its potential for causing serious disease in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully evaluate the specific strain being handled and implement appropriate biosafety precautions to ensure the safety of laboratory personnel and prevent the spread of the organism outside the laboratory.
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The topology of Jacobi iteration is a tree.true/false
The topology of Jacobi iteration is not a tree, but rather a matrix. Jacobi iteration is an iterative method for solving systems of linear equations, where at each iteration step, the solution is updated using information from the previous iteration. The topology refers to the structure of the system of equations, which is represented as a matrix.
The topology of Jacobi iteration is not a tree. In the context of linear algebra, Jacobi iteration is an iterative method used to solve a system of linear equations. The term "topology" refers to the study of geometric properties and spatial relations, while "iteration" denotes the process of repeating a procedure to approach a solution. Jacobi iteration's topology is characterized by its matrix and convergence properties rather than being represented by a tree structure.
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Protein transcription mainly takes place in the ____, then sent to the ____ for post-transcriptional modification, processing, and packaging
Protein transcription mainly takes place in the nucleus, then sent to the endoplasmic reticulum for post-transcriptional modification, processing, and packaging.
Protein transcription involves the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template, which occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The newly synthesized mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it binds to ribosomes for translation into protein.
Before the mRNA can be translated, it must undergo post-transcriptional modification, processing, and packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process involves the addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail to the mRNA, as well as the removal of introns and splicing together of exons to form a mature mRNA molecule.
Once the mRNA is mature, it is exported from the nucleus and transported to the ER, where it undergoes further modifications, such as glycosylation, phosphorylation, and folding into its correct conformation. The modified protein is then packaged into vesicles and transported to its final destination, such as the cell membrane or secretion outside the cell.
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6) A cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR andA) a heterologous antigen.B) a homologous antigen.C) either a heterologous or homologous antigen.D) None of these are correct.
A cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR and either a heterologous or homologous antigen.The correct answer is: C) either a heterologous or homologous antigen.
A cross-reaction can occur when an antibody or TCR recognizes and binds to either a heterologous antigen (from a different species or unrelated source) or a homologous antigen (from the same species or a related source), due to their structural similarity. Therefore we can conclude that a cross-reaction is an interaction between an antibody or TCR (T-cell receptor) and either a heterologous or homologous antigen making option c the correct choice.
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Question 90
Beta particles can be health hazard either as internal or external radiation because of the ionization in tissues.
a. True
b. False
True. Beta particles can be health hazard either as internal or external radiation because of the ionization in tissues. So, the correct answer is option a.
When beta particles enter the body as an internal radiation source or as an exterior radiation source (via inhalation or ingestion), they can be harmful to health.
The nuclear centres of radioactive atoms emit beta particles, which are highly energetic electrons. They can penetrate the skin and other tissues and fly several feet in the air.
They ionise the cells as soon as they enter the body, which can harm the cells. Cell mutations brought on by this ionisation have been linked to cancer, genetic damage, and other health issues.
Because they can result in burns and radiation poisoning, beta particles can also harm the skin.
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List two common depressants and describe how it affects the body
Alcohol and benzodiazepines are two widely used depressants. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that has an impact on the body by diminishing nerve cell connection and slowing down brain activity.
This may cause slurred speech, poor motor coordination, and impaired judgment. Alcohol interferes with the body's capacity to control blood sugar levels, which can result in hypoglycemia.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that is active in the brain and acts as a central nervous system depressant. Benzodiazepines are a class of prescription medicines that enhance the action of GABA.
Sedation, relaxation, and a decrease in anxiety may follow from this. However, benzodiazepines can also impair coordination and result in sleepiness and dizziness.
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cod off the coast of northeastern north america are currently at what population level? cod off the coast of northeastern north america are currently at what population level? above sustainable fishing levels below sustainable fishing levels commercially extinct at sustainable fishing levels
The decline of the cod supply in Atlantic Canada is the terrible problem being examined here. Government of Canada (2015) notes that large-scale cod fishing practised off the Atlantic coast of Canada since 1550.
Cod caught in the North Sea: Is it sustainable?The Maritime Environmental Council (MSC), which assesses fish stocks and confirms those that may tolerate greater fishing without severe harm, has recognised cod throughout the North Sea as sustainable.
Why is the number of Atlantic cod dwindling?There are fewer organisms from the U.S. stocks of cod in the Atlantic than the median for the previous 40 years as a result of heavy fishing pressure over the latter half of the 20th century. The quantity of young fish is a key indicator of rebuilding potential.
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