polar microtubules contract, pulling attached chromosomes toward the poles is not an event that occurs during mitosis.
define microtubules ?
Microtubules are cylindrical structures composed of protein subunits called tubulin. They play a critical role in several cellular processes, including maintaining cell shape, cell division, and intracellular transport of materials.
Microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton, which is a network of protein fibers that helps to maintain the structural integrity of cells and aids in cellular movement.
They are involved in the formation of spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella, which are involved in cellular motility.
polar microtubules contract, pulling attached chromosomes toward the poles is not an event that occurs during mitosis. During anaphase, the polar microtubules (also called spindle fibers) lengthen and push the two poles of the cell away from each other, causing the sister chromatids to separate and move toward opposite poles.
The separation of chromatids is facilitated by the shortening of the polar microtubules. So the correct answer is A.
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using an input of energy from food molecules, the reactions of cellular respiration produce ______.
Using an input of energy from food molecules, the reactions of cellular respiration produce ATP.
In general , ATP is known as a molecule that is involved in storage and releases in energy in cells. During the process of cellular respiration, energy is utilized from food molecules that is used for synthesis of ATP molecules.
Also, the ATP molecules are used by body cells as they have many cellular processes and activities. Cellular respiration is based on the series of complex biochemical reactions that takes place inside the mitochondria of cells and divided into three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT a. overuse of antibiotics b. modern transportation c. changes in the environment. d. microbial mutation e. use of genetically modified foods.
The development of emerging infectious diseases can be a result of all of the following except the use of genetically modified foods. Thus, the correct option for this question is E.
What do you mean by Infectious diseases?Infectious diseases may be defined as the types of diseases that are ultimately caused by the rapid spread of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites, or prions to humans either from other humans, animals, or the environment, including food and water. These diseases are highly contagious.
Infectious diseases very often spread through the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses, or other germs from one person to another. This can happen when an individual with the bacterium or virus touches, kisses, coughs, or sneezes on someone who isn't infected.
Actions like overuse of antibiotics, modern transportation, alteration in environment, microbial mutation, etc. are responsible for the causation of infections.
Therefore, the development of emerging infectious diseases can be a result of all of the following except the use of genetically modified foods. Thus, the correct option for this question is E.
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Similarity not due to common ancestry is called _____. (a) Convergent evolution (b) Homology (c) Homoplasy (d) Homospory.
The correct option is A; Convergent evolution is the process of similarity arising from different origins.
This phenomenon explains why previously unrelated creatures start to exhibit characteristics in common. In essence, organisms that experience convergent evolution do so because they must adjust to environments that are comparable to those of other organisms. Evolution is the process by which creatures adjust to their surroundings and improve their capacity for survival. This process is impacted by actions like natural selection.
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What pathways would be necessary to carry you to the leaves of these trees.
1. apoplastic
2. bulk flow
3. symplastic
4. transmembrane
The pathways would be necessary to carry you to the leaves of these trees 1. apoplastic 2. bulk flow 3. symplastic and 4. transmembrane.
Pathways would be necessary to carry you to the leaves of these trees includes apoplastic pathway which involves the movement of water and solutes through the cell walls and also the extracellular spaces .Bulk flow pathway works on the movement of water and nutrients in a mass flow with the help of pressure gradient.
Also, Symplastic pathway conduct movement of water and solutes from the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata present in the plant cells the last one is Transmembrane pathway that helps in movement of water and solutes across the plasma membranes of plant cells. Hence, All four pathways mentioned here are involved.
Hence, 1,2,3,4 are the correct option
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Would you want to visit a genetic counselor to determine if you or your future child had a genetic disorder? Why or why not?
Answer:
help you better understand your test results and treatment options, help you deal with emotional concerns, and refer you to other healthcare providers and advocacy and support groups.
Explanation:
dna technology is used to find cures for genetic diseases such as huntington's disease. which of these best explains the use of dna technology in curing genetic diseases with gene therapy?
Dna technology is used to find cures for genetic diseases such as Huntington's disease. it moves the faulty gene and replaced it with a working gene best explains the use of dna technology in curing genetic diseases with gene therapy.
What is the term for DNA technology?Recombinant DNA Technology refers to the process of creating artificial DNA by combining diverse genetic components (DNA) from different sources. Genetic engineering is another term for recombinant DNA technology.
What is the DNA technology process?Recombinant DNA technology begins with the selection of the desired gene for injection into the host, followed by the selection of the ideal vector into which the gene must be integrated, and thus the formation of recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA must subsequently be injected into the host.
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Full Question : dna technology is used to find cures for genetic diseases such as huntington's disease. which of these best explains the use of dna technology in curing genetic diseases with gene therapy?
it moves the faulty gene and replaced it with a working genedesired traits in offspringartificial selection"What is a simple definition of abiotic?
"
An abiotic factor is a non-living component of an ecosystem that influences its environment. Temperature, light, and water are some examples in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Abiotic components or abiotic variables are non-living chemical and physical components of the environment that affect live organisms and the operation of ecosystems in biology and ecology. Biology is supported by abiotic factors and the phenomena connected with them. They have an impact on a wide range of species in many environments, including marine and land animals.
Abiotic variables in a species' habitat can be created or changed by humans. For example, fertilizers can have an impact on a snail's habitat, while greenhouse gases produced by humans can alter marine pH levels.
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what is the most cephalic section of the pharynx?
The most cephalic section of the pharynx is the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is the superior section of the pharynx.
Located at the back of the nasal cavity and extending from the base of the skull to the level of the soft palate.
It functions as an airway between the nasal cavity and the larynx and is a component of the respiratory system. Moreover, mucous membranes that line the inside of the body release mucus to assist filter and moisturise incoming air.
As the nasopharynx is where voice sounds are created and resonant, it plays a crucial role in sound transmission. The Eustachian tube, which joins the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat and allows air to enter to equalise air pressure, is also housed there.
The immune system also includes the nasopharynx, which serves as one of the initial lines of protection against inhaled infections.
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If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don't all tissues respond to all hormones?
The ability of the hormone to bind with particular receptors (proteins) on cells' plasma membranes or inside the cell determines the ability of the target tissue to react.
Endocrine glands are specialized organs that secrete hormones, which are signaling molecules that alter the activity of target cells. An example of a hormone is antidiuretic hormone, which is secreted by the pituitary gland and acts on kidney cells to increase water absorption by the kidneys.
Despite the fact that hormones circulate in the blood, only certain target cells have the receptors necessary for them to bind to the hormone, so not all tissues will react to them. Certain hormones can attach to receptors found on the surface of target cells. Others enter cells and connect with receptors there or in the nucleus area.
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Which of the statements is a simplified equation for cellular respiration?A. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + waterB. lipid + water → fatty acids + carbon dioxideC. carbon dioxide + water + light → glucose + oxygenD. glucose + nitrogen → carbon monoxide + water
The statement that represents a simplified equation for cellular respiration is option A.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that occurs in cells to release energy from glucose, which is then used by the cell for various activities. The simplified equation for cellular respiration is represented by the formula A, where glucose and oxygen are the reactants and carbon dioxide and water are the products.
This process occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The energy released during cellular respiration is used to generate ATP molecules, which provide energy to the cell. Cellular respiration is a vital process for the survival of most organisms and is necessary for the maintenance of the metabolic processes of the cell.
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Complete Question:
Which of the statements is a simplified equation for cellular respiration?
A. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
B. lipid + water → fatty acids + carbon dioxide
C. carbon dioxide + water + light → glucose + oxygen
D. glucose + nitrogen → carbon monoxide + water
a chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome ___
Answer:
An inversion occurs when a chromosome breaks in two places; the resulting piece of DNA is reversed and re-inserted into the chromosome
Explanation:
an electron transport chain of the light reactions
The light-reliant responses include two photosystems (II and I) and an electron transport chain that are completely implanted in the thylakoid layer.
The light that is collected from PSII influences an invigorated electron of the chlorophyll an extraordinary pair to be passed down an electron transport chain (Pq, Cyt, and Pc) to PSI.
The electron transport chain is a progression of particles that acknowledge or give electrons without any problem. By moving bit by bit through these, electrons are gotten in a particular bearing across a layer. The development of hydrogen particles is combined with this. This implies that when electrons are moved, hydrogen particles move as well.
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Which of the following was NOT one of Darwin's three "Facts of Life" or conditions that, together, make evolution by natural selection possible?
A. In all populations, the strongest and largest individuals will survive.
B. In the competition to survive and reproduce, certain variants of traits are more successful than others.
C. Some traits associated with superior survival and reproduction are heritable.
D. There is variation among individuals within a population.
In all populations, the biggest and strongest people will survive is not explained by Darwin's conditions. Therefore, statement A is correct.
The three principles proposed by Darwin are the principle of variation, the principle of selection, and the principle of heredity. According to the variation principle, there exists a distinction between the parents and their offspring. This variation might be in reproduction, metabolism, morphology, or physical structure. According to the heredity principle, there exists a similar characteristic from one generation to another generation. According to the selection principle, there exists a variation that helps the species to survive in their environment through a selective reproductive rate.
Here, options B, C, and D explain these three principles. But not option A. Therefore, option A is the correct option.
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Select the statement(s) that accurately summarize the scientific method.
Scientists think of interesting questions to attempt to answer after formulating a hypothesis.
Scientists perform investigations to gather data and make observations as forms of evidence.
During the scientific investigation, scientists cannot refine, change, or expand the investigation to sufficiently investigate and collect data.
Data is needed to help scientists either prove or disprove a hypothesis.
Throughout the entire process, scientists take detailed notes of their procedures so it can be repeated again either by themself or other scientists.
In a scientific method, scientists proceed with investigations to gather data and make observations as forms of evidence, and during the entire process, scientists take detailed notes of their procedures, hence options C and D are correct.
What is the scientific method?The scientific method is the method of objectively maintaining facts during testing and experimentation.
There are two methods that correctly summarize the scientific method:
Scientists perform observations to collect data and make observations as forms of evidence.During the entire process, scientists take detailed writings of their procedures so they can be observed again either by themself or by other scientists.Therefore, options C and D are correct.
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Do you think this change to snakes will be sudden or gradual?
Changes to snakes can either be sudden or gradual depending on the issues at hand.
How do snakes change ?Changes to snake characteristics as a result of weather changes can occur gradually or suddenly, depending on the specific circumstances and the extent of the change.
In general, snakes are highly adaptable and can adjust to changes in their environment over time. There are types of changes that can occur gradually over a period of years, as snakes adapt to changing environmental conditions.
However, sudden or extreme changes in weather or climate can have more immediate and dramatic effects on snake populations.
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how should the right sacral base move during right sacroiliac flexion?
The right sacral base should move posteriorly and inferiorly during right sacroiliac flexion. During right sacroiliac flexion, the right sacral base should move inferiorly and anteriorly.
This movement allows the right sacroiliac joint to open up and create more space, allowing for improved movement and flexibility in the area. This movement also helps to engage the muscles surrounding the joint, which helps stabilize the area and increases the range of motion. This movement occurs when the right side of the sacrum (the right sacral base) is pushed down and forward. This action causes the sacroiliac joint to flex, increasing the distance between the right sacral base and the right ilium. This allows the right hip to flex more, and also increases the space between the two bony surfaces of the joint, allowing for more motion. Additionally, this movement also reduces the tension in the ligaments that attach the sacrum to the ilium, which helps to reduce pain and restore function.
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what are the two cell types in the retina that communicate from side-to-side
Amacrine cells and horizontal cells, the other two types of neurons in the retina, have their cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer and are mostly in charge of lateral interactions within the retina.
Photoreceptors Rods and cones are the two primary categories of light-sensitive cells in the eye. Cones are in charge of colour vision, while rods enable seeing in low light. The bipolar cells receive the impulses sent by the rods and cones.
At this level, horizontal cells enable lateral interaction between the rods and cones. The ganglion cells, which are even more near the centre of the eye, get impulses from bipolar cells after that.
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Write a multi-paragraph analysis (minimum 3) that demonstrates your understanding of how
cognitive biases affect not only decision-making, but also how information is received and
interpreted in our brains and utilized (or manipulated) as a society. You should be able to
specifically relate at least 4 of the cognitive biases covered in class. For reference in your
analysis, consider what's been discussed in class in general, any news articles you find.
Answer:
Cognitive biases are inherent in the human decision-making process, and they affect not only the way we interpret information but also how we utilize it in our daily lives. These biases can lead to flawed decisions, skewed perceptions, and even manipulation by others. The four cognitive biases that have a significant impact on decision-making and information processing in society are confirmation bias, availability heuristic, framing effect, and the bandwagon effect.
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or values, while ignoring or discounting information that challenges them. This bias is pervasive in our society, particularly in the realm of politics. People often seek out news sources that align with their political views, leading to a reinforcement of their beliefs and a disregard for alternative perspectives. This can result in a lack of critical thinking and a tendency to dismiss information that contradicts one's beliefs.
The availability heuristic is the tendency to rely on information that is readily available in memory when making decisions. This bias can lead to overestimating the likelihood of rare events or underestimating the likelihood of common events. For example, after a plane crash, people may avoid air travel, even though the statistical probability of a plane crash is much lower than that of a car accident. This bias can lead to irrational fears and decisions based on incomplete or inaccurate information.
The framing effect is the impact that the way information is presented has on our interpretation and decision-making. People are more likely to make decisions based on the way information is presented rather than on the information itself. For example, a product that is described as "95% fat-free" is more likely to be perceived positively than one that is described as "5% fat." This bias can be used to manipulate people's perceptions and decisions by framing information in a particular way.
The bandwagon effect is the tendency to do or believe something because many other people do or believe it. This bias can lead to conformity, even when the decision is not rational or beneficial. For example, in politics, people may support a particular candidate because they believe that many others are doing so, rather than based on the candidate's policies or qualifications. This bias can be used to manipulate people by creating the illusion of a popular opinion or trend.
In conclusion, cognitive biases affect not only decision-making but also how information is received and interpreted in our brains and utilized (or manipulated) as a society. Confirmation bias, availability heuristic, framing effect, and the bandwagon effect are just a few examples of the many biases that impact our thinking and decision-making. Recognizing these biases and actively working to overcome them is essential for making informed decisions and building a more rational and just society.
Where is the lateral geniculate nucleus?
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is located in the posteroventral region of the Thalamic nuclei, immediately abutting the pulvinar and posterior to the Inferior choroidal point of the choroid plexus.
It is a multilayered structure that receives input from both eyes to build a Representation of the contralateral visual hemifield.
It is a structure in the thalamus and a key component of the mammalian Visual pathway. There are two LGNs, one on the left and another on the Right side of the thalamus. In humans, both LGNs have six layers of Neurons (grey matter) alternating with optic fibers (white matter).
Both the left and right hemisphere of the brain have a lateral geniculate Nucleus.
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identify the true and false statements about the influence of biology and evolution on classical or operant conditioning.- Passing down information from one generation to the next illustrates cultural transmission.- Other species like whales, monkeys, and apes demonstrate cultural transmission.- Teaching one's offspring how to raise livestock on a farm is an example of horizontal transmission.- Religious practices can be seen as an example of cumulative cultural evolution.- Cultural transmission only occurs in humans.
The correct options about the influence of biology and evolution on classical or operant conditioning are;
True Statement(s)
A: Passing down information from one generation to the next illustrates cultural transmission.
B: Other species like whales, monkeys, and apes demonstrate cultural transmission.
D: Religious practices can be seen as an example of cumulative cultural evolution.
False Statement(s)
E: Cultural transmission only occurs in humans.
C: Teaching one's offspring how to raise livestock on a farm is an example of horizontal transmission.
How to interpret Biological Evolution?Cultural transmission is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups. This applies to biological evolution as animals passed on their cultural elements down to the next generation.
Passing down of practices also includes religious activities and so Options A, B and D
Meanwhile it is not only humans that exhibit cultural transmissions as stated above.
Finally In horizontal transmission, viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation. Thus;
Options C and E are not correct
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What's the meaning of sugar phosphate backbone ?
The structure of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, is formed by their sugar-phosphate backbone. The directionality of molecule is determined by its backbone, which is made up of alternating groups of sugar, phosphate.
In biological processes, energy is frequently stored or transferred via sugar phosphates (that have extra or replaced phosphate groups). They also serve as the foundation for DNA and RNA. Near the modified nucleotides, the sugar phosphate backbone shape is changed.
The multiplex electrical structure of the sugar-phosphate backbone makes a theoretical explanation challenging. Across the entire backbone, a portion of the electronic density is delocalized, and the degree of the delocalization is influenced by the backbone's conformation due to hyper-conjugation effects. Localized orbitals at the 1,3 positions interact with donors and acceptors to produce hyper-conjugation.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. what would a bacterial cell be transported into the eukaryotic cell by_______.
What would a bacterial cell be transported into the eukaryotic cell by endocytosis.
Endocytosis is basically defined as a cellular process in which some substances are brought inside the cell. The material which has to be internalized is basically surrounded by an area of the cell membrane, which then happens to buds off inside the cell in order to form a vesicle which contains the ingested material.
The bacterial can enter inside a particular eukaryotic cell by the means of this process of endocytosis. Another process by which a bacterial cell can enter the eukaryotic cell is known as facilitated diffusion.
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___ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.Saturated
Triglycerides with just carbon-carbon single bonds in their carbon chains are known as saturated fats. The greatest number of hydrogen atoms are saturating the carbon chains.
All the bonds in unsaturated chains have one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds, whereas all the bonds in saturated chains are single. An unsaturated structure will have fewer hydrogen atoms in its formula than a saturated structure with the same number of carbon atoms.
Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain while saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms. Whereas saturated fats are normally solid at room temperature, unsaturated fats are typically liquid and come from plant sources.
Stearic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, and lauric acid are examples of typical dietary saturated fatty acids.
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Consider the following mutations to the nucleotide sequence of a gene. Which of these mutations would not alter the reading frame of the gene's genetic message?
a) a single nucleotide-pair deletionPress enter after select an option to check the answer
b) a single nucleotide-pair insertionPress enter after select an option to check the answer
c) a single nucleotide-pair substitutionPress enter after select an option to check the answer
d) a deletion that removes 4 nucleotides
Mutations that would not alter the reading frame of the gene's genetic message is a single nucleotide-pair substitution would not alter the reading frame of the gene's genetic message.
Mutation theory is a fundamental concept in biology that explains how new genetic variation arises in populations. It proposes that mutations, which are random changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, are the primary source of genetic diversity.
According to the mutation theory, mutations can occur spontaneously, as a result of errors that arise during DNA replication or due to exposure to mutagens (chemicals, radiation, or viruses that can cause mutations).
Some mutations may be harmful, resulting in deleterious effects on an organism's fitness, while others may be neutral or beneficial, leading to the evolution of new traits and adaptations.
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What are the 4 types of seizures?
There are four main types of seizures: generalized onset seizures, focal onset seizures, unknown onset seizures, and epileptic spasms.
Generalized onset seizures involve both sides of the brain and can cause loss of consciousness, convulsions, or muscle rigidity. These include absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and atonic seizures.
Focal onset seizures, also known as partial seizures, start in one area of the brain and can cause localized symptoms such as twitching, tingling, or changes in sensation, movement, or behavior.
Unknown onset seizures involve electrical discharges in the brain that cannot be classified as either focal or generalized because there is not enough information available.
The type of seizure a person experiences can help determine the underlying cause of the seizures and inform the best treatment approach. It is important to consult a medical professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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what is the bony structure that holds the pituitary gland?
. The bony structure that holds the pituitary gland is the sella turcica. The sphenoid bone, which sits in the centre of the skull and makes up a portion of the brain's base, has a dip in it.
The sella turcica, which gets its name from the fact that the pituitary gland resides inside of it, has a saddle-like form. The dura mater, a strong, fibrous membrane that encircles the brain, is another layer that safeguards the sella turcica.
The pituitary stalk, a ligament connected to the hypothalamus, holds the pituitary gland in position. The hypothalamus is in charge of managing the hormones the pituitary gland produces.
Many face muscles and nerves, including the oculomotor nerve, which regulates eye movement, link to the sella turcica as well. Since it safeguards the pituitary gland and aids in maintaining normal brain function, the sella turcica is a crucial component of the architecture of the brain.
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compared to aerobic respiration, glycolysis produces _ atp.
Compared to aerobic respiration, glycolysis produces a relatively small amount of ATP. Specifically, glycolysis produces a net yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
whereas aerobic respiration produces up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. The low yield of ATP from glycolysis is due to the fact that it is an anaerobic process, meaning that it does not require oxygen. In contrast, aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and is able to extract much more energy from glucose, leading to a much higher yield of ATP. However, glycolysis is still an important metabolic pathway, as it is the first step in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration, and it also provides intermediates for other metabolic pathways.Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. It is the first step in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. The process consists of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.The energy produced during glycolysis comes from the oxidation of glucose, which is the removal of electrons from glucose molecules. The electrons are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH, which can be used to produce more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen, or by fermentation in the absence of oxygen.
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Complete the photosynthesis reaction by placing the following compounds and energy sources into the reaction as reactants or products. One molecule will not be placed Photosynthesis reactants Photosynthesis products - hydrogen - light energy - simple sugars - carbon dioxide- oxygen - water
Photosynthesis is the interaction by which plants produce oxygen by consolidating daylight, carbon dioxide, and water. In this manner, in the photosynthesis cycle usage of oxygen doesn't happen.
Oxygen isn't fundamental for the course of photosynthesis since oxygen is delivered in this cycle when plants use the unrefined components i.e., carbon dioxide and water to create sugars (glucose).
The course of photosynthesis is ordinarily composed as 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. This implies that the reactants, six carbon dioxide particles, and six water particles, are changed over by light energy caught by chlorophyll (suggested by the bolt) into a sugar particle and six oxygen particles, the items.
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the lipoprotein that removes cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver to be used is ________.
Higher-density lipoproteins are referred to as HDL. It is commonly referred to as the "good" cholesterol because it transports cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver.
Good cholesterol The majority of LDLs in the plasma are responsible for delivering cholesterol to all tissues. Receptor-mediated endocytosis allows LDL to be taken up by the liver and other organs. LDL cholesterol.Your HDL cholesterol levels can be assessed with a blood test. Your age, risk factors, and family history will all affect how often and when you should undergo this test. Higher HDL levels are preferable as they can reduce your risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.For more information on High density lipoprotein kindly visit to
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of the following stages of mitosis, which is the earliest that genomic material is haploid?
The earliest stage of mitosis in which genomic material is haploid would be after fertilization. Then the haploid sperm cell fuses with the haploid egg cell to form a diploid zygote
Mitosis is a cell division type that divides the parent cell and the genetic material into two alike daughter cells with the same chromosome numbers. It is a technique where in a single cell divides into two same daughter cells.
Mitosis is generally followed by way of same department of the mobile's content material into daughter cells that have identical genomes.
Mitosis can be compared to copying an instruction manual. A cell copies each chromosome during mitosis and distributes one copy to each of its two daughter cells.
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