how are genetically modified organisms used in biotechnology for medicine. please help me!

Homologous chromosome pairs are separated

Meiosis 1 refers to the initial stage of meiosis where one parent cell divides into two daughter cells. This stage is where homologous pairs of chromosomes will segregate and separate from each other and move into the two daughter cells which result in the division of the total chromosomal number by half.

Meiosis I ends when the chromosomes of each homologous pair arrive at opposing poles of the cell.

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Variations in the composition of the extracellular matrix, determines the properties of the connective tissue. For example, if the matrix is calcified, it can form bone or teeth. Specialised forms of extracellular matrix also makes up tendons, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye.

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The properties of certain tissues, particularly connective tissues, are determined by the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a network of proteins and other molecules that surrounds and supports the cells in the tissue.

The ECM determines the strength, flexibility, and other properties of the tissue. The ECM is composed of three main types of proteins: collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans.

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM. It is a strong, flexible protein that gives tissues their tensile strength.

Elastin is a protein that gives tissues their elasticity. It is a rubber-like protein that allows tissues to stretch and return to their original shape.

Glycosaminoglycans are long, sugar-like molecules that give tissues their viscosity. They help to keep tissues hydrated and prevent them from sticking to each other.

The ECM is also home to a variety of other molecules, including growth factors, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. These molecules play a role in the development, maintenance, and repair of tissues.

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The function of the cell cycle is the growth, repair and reproduction of cells.

The process through which a cell goes through its phases of growth and division is referred to as the cell cycle. During the majority of its existence, a cell is said to be in a state known as interphase. It is during this phase that the cell develops, copies its chromosomes, and gets ready to divide. Following this, the cell exits interphase, starts the process of mitosis, and finishes its division. The new cells that are produced are referred to as daughter cells, and each of them will experience its own unique interphase before beginning a new cycle of the cell cycle. The cell cycle helps the cells to undergo growth and division. In case of any damage, the cell cycle contributes to the repair mechanism of the cells.

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Answer:

D. growth, repair, and reproduction of cells

Explanation:

edg 2022

The most likely diagnosis of Gastroenteritis based on the presence of  organisms which can ferment lactose and its inability to ferment sorbitol is called enterohemorrhagic E. coli.

This is referred to a type of pathogen which is a strain of E.coli and causes severe intestinal infection thereby damaging it and leading to bloody diarrhea being observed. Individuals can be infected through food sources such as raw or uncooked meat etc.

This organism mentioned above also has the ability to ferment lactose but not sorbitol and is usually treated using rehydration therapy and requires blood transfusion in sever cases.

This is therefore the reason why Enterohemorrhagic E. coli was chosen as the most appropriate choice.

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The vesicles pick up whole and partial neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap and bring them into the terminal button, where other structures recycle these neurotransmitters for future use.

Within the presynaptic terminals is where the synthesis of the small-molecule neurotransmitters takes place. A process known as slow axonal transport is responsible for moving enzymes from the neuronal cell body to the cytoplasm of nerve terminals at a rate of 0.5–5 millimetres each day. These enzymes are necessary for the production of transmitters and are produced in the neuronal cell body. Transporter proteins, which are typically located in the plasma membrane of the nerve terminal, are the ones responsible for bringing the precursor chemicals that these synthetic enzymes use into the terminal. Enzymes produce a neurotransmitter pool in the cytoplasm, which must then be loaded into synaptic vesicles using transport proteins in the vesicular membrane. Within the synaptic vesicles, the final synthetic steps of the production of certain small-molecule neurotransmitters are actually carried out.

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Protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called the meninges.

The brain meninges are the three protective membranous thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord of the nervous system.

These meninges are:

So therefore, the protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called the meninges

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Analysis:

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) has a substantial influence on higher cognitive processes, and it has been linked to the emergence or worsening of clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.

These activities appear to be mediated through the CB1 receptor, which is the most abundant cannabinoid receptor in the brain.

However, the location of the CB1 receptor in monkey neocortical areas that influence cognitive activities remains unknown.

Using antibodies that selectively target the N- or C-terminus of the CB1 receptor, we studied the immunocytochemical localization of the CB1 receptor in the brains of macaque monkeys and humans.

In monkeys, CB1 immunoreactivity was most strong in axons and boutons. CB1-immunoreactive (IR) axons showed significant variation in density and  laminar distribution throughout neocortical areas of the monkey brain.

When compared to main sensory and motor cortices, neocortical association regions such as the prefrontal and cingulate cortices have a greater  density and a distinct laminar pattern of CB1-IR axons.

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Finds of beads and porcelain pottery from Mesopotamia and china, along with copper, gold, and ivory objects, underscore the assumption that which city was a prosperous trade center: Great Zimbabwe

They wove sturdy baskets from the weeds that grew along the riverbank. They made such lovely pottery from the moist soil that their pottery has become a form of wealth. People in villages started to exchange with other villages in the area. Pottery was traded for food, clothing, and jewelry.

The art of Mesopotamia tiers from the early use of ceramics which had been painted with abstract styles, to the advent of sculpture effigies for spiritual purposes, and styles used in Mesopotamian architecture to create their ornate temples and palaces gates.

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According to the research, the correct option is goblet cells, the overproduction by these cells is a factor that contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis.

It is a long-term disease of the lungs characterized by incessant coughing producing purulent sputum due to inflammation of the bronchial tubes resulting in increased mucus production.

Goblet cells are unicellular glands that have a cytoplasm loaded with mucins (main component of mucus) these are located in the walls of the bronchi, in chronic bronchitis, the wall of the bronchi tends to thicken, and the number of goblet cells increases greatly causing the overproduction of mucus.

Therefore, we can conclude that the correct option is goblet cells, the overproduction by these cells is a factor that contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis.

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This observation supports the theory that a virus is living.

A virus is basically a molecule which is non living when it is outside of living cells but becomes living when it enters into a living cell.

However, given the fact that a virus was capable of infecting another virus we could opine that a virus is living.

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Answer:answer is A

Explanation:

If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a Depressant.

Chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters to facilitate communication between nerve cells. Serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine are a few of them. Numerous processes are controlled by neurotransmitters, including mood, sleep-wake cycles, and appetite.

These medications, which are sometimes known as "downers," are available as liquid or colored pills and capsules. As they are intended to lessen the symptoms of mental illness, some medications in this class, including Zyprexa, Seroquel, and Haldol, are referred to as "major tranquilizers" or "antipsychotics." Xanax, Klonopin, Halcion, and Librium are examples of depressants that are frequently referred to as "benzos" (short for benzodiazepines).

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There are four naturally occurring nitrogenous bases, there are four different types of DNA nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). This sequence is broken into a series of three-nucleotide units known as codons. Each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein is known as a gene.

Sequencing DNA means determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule. The sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment.

DNA sequencing was built upon earlier knowledge of DNA polymerases and cell-free systems for replicating DNA. The chain-termination method, which makes clever use of a "defective" DNA nucleotide, now dominates DNA sequencing technology.

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Answer:

D.) saprophytic

Explanation:

Saprophytic fungi break down dead matter by releasing enzymes. This allows for the matter to be taken up by the fungi as a food source.

Two kingdom system of classification is less scientific than 5 kingdom system because it takes into consideration the use of more parameters.

This is the process in which organisms are grouped into broad categories as a result of shared similarities present between them.

The five system of classification ensures that unicellular and multicellular organisms are placed separately. Autotrophs and heterotrophs are also placed in an entirely different category unlike the two system of classification which offers small categories.

This therefore makes the two kingdom system of classification is less scientific than five kingdom system.

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They termed the gradual change in species if  environmental gradient is change as vegetational gradient also called ecocline. Environmental gradient  also known as climate gradient is a change in abiotic factors( non-living) through the interval of time.

There are some factors which is related to the environmental gradient such as altitude, depth, soil , temperature, precipitation. It is important for analysis to help the geographic distribution of species and ecosystems. Species diversity distribution is not even across the globe , so the richness of species is clustered in equatorial regions and decreases as one move away from polar region.

Gradient analysis is enables us to use the varied abiotic or non-living aspects of our environment and its surrounding that can be explained by geographic distribution of species and ecosystem.

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Founder effect is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole.

In population genetics, the basic effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is founded by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may differ significantly, both genotypically and phenotypically, from the parent population from which it originates. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to speciation and the subsequent evolution of new species The founder effect is a form of genetic drift. This is a phenomenon in which a new population is derived from a small isolated group of individuals. The new population is genetically different from the parent populations. The founder effect can arise from cultural isolation. For example, the Amish population in the United States exhibits a founder effect because it grew from very few founders, they do not have any newcomers, and tends to marry within the same community.

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If the intake valve opens too early in the cycle, vacuum will be reduced and exhaust gasses will be forced into the intake manifold. When exhaust gasses are forced into the intake manifold, vacuum is adversely affected and the intake runners will soot up. This effect is called "reversion".

An internal-combustion engine goes through four strokes: intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust. As the piston moves during each stroke, it turns the crankshaft.

The work of is intake valve opens when the piston reaches the TDC; compressed air from high pressure tank rapidly flows into the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder rapidly increases to the intake pressure. Meanwhile, the mass and temperature inside the cylinder increase.

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Tonicity is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

A cell will lose volume if it is immersed in a hypertonic solution because there will be a net flow of water out of the cell.

A cell will increase volume if it is immersed in a hypotonic solution because there will be a net flow of water entering the cell.

If a cell is immersed in an isotonic solution, there won't be any net water inflow or outflow, and the volume of the cell will stay constant.

DISCLAIMER

The above given question is wrong, there are no options. The correct question is ______is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.

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While giving birth to her infant during labor, the safest and the most effective pushing technique taught to a woman during contractions is grasping knees, head elevated and breathing out.

During labor, it is very important for the mother to keep breathing. If she holds her breath, it will put pressure on the vena cava and lead to a reduction in the blood return. The head is kept elevated and the back is rounded which aids the abdominal muscles to help the uterus to push the baby out. Grasping the knees also helps in pushing and encouraging the movement of the infant outside the body.

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An environment that has all the things that particular plant or animal need in order to live is referred to as habitat.

This is an area where an organism lives and comprises of resources and factors which supports its survival.

Food, light etc are part of the resources in which a habitat has which ensures appropriate growth and reproduction of species.

The complete question is:

___ is an environment that has all the things that plant or animal need in order to live.

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Answer:

B

Explanation:

Vine and Matthews noticed there was a symmetrical pattern of magnetic stripes on either side of the mid ocean ridges. In addition when the basalts of the sea floor were dated, they were found to be the same age at similar distances away from the ridge on each side.

d. the electron transport chain (and chemiosmosis) is the answer.

An electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor via a redox reaction and bind this electron transfer to the transfer of protons through the membrane.

The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that combine redox reactions to produce an electrochemical gradient that leads to the formation of ATP in a complete system called oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

The electron transport chain works by sending protons into the intermembrane space. This sets up a proton gradient that allows protons to be pumped through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

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This is true that The mutation rate would also be higher.

A mutation is a change in the nucleic acid sequence of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA's genome. DNA or RNA can be found in the viral genome.

Environmental elements known as mutagens are what trigger mutations. Radiation, chemicals, and pathogenic agents are examples of mutagens. Mutations may occur naturally spontaneously.

Because it generates a new DNA sequence for a particular gene, the mutation is crucial in the initial stage of evolution because it results in the creation of a new allele. Through intragenic recombination, recombination can also produce a new DNA sequence (a new allele) for a particular gene.

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Answer: protein

Explanation:

In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids, the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare, the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as frequency-dependent selection.

Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process in which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype is dependent on the frequency of that phenotype or genotype in a particular population.

In a broader sense, frequency-dependent selection involves biological interactions that make the fitness of an individual dependent on the frequencies of other genotypes or phenotypes within the population.

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The effects can be encountered to other organisms when each organism is destroyed in a food chain that consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox.

Yes, effects likely to be encountered when each organism is destroyed in a food chain consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox because every organism in the ecosystem depends on the other organism for their survival.

So we can conclude that the effects can be encountered to other organisms when each organism is destroyed in a food chain that consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox.

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It contributes to global warming is not a con of solar power because this type of power does not produce pollution.

One of the big disadvantages of solar power is that it requires high initial cost of installation because it is an expensive technology. Requires sunny weather to work best which means that it does not work at night. It has low energy conversion rate. Solar panels are fixed at to one location and we can not move it easily from one place to another.

So we can conclude that It contributes to global warming is not a con of solar power because this type of power does not produce pollution.

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Amino group

The term "amino acid" refers to an amino acid with an amino group immediately linked to the -carbon. These contain the secondary amines proline and hydroxyproline. They were previously frequently referred to as amino acids, which is incorrect because they lack the imine grouping HN=C. The archaic phrase is still used often.
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are the chemical compounds that come together to make proteins. These biomolecules are essential for human growth and development and are engaged in a number of biological and chemical processes in the body. In nature, there are around 300 amino acids.

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Early hominins walked on two legs is the answer.

Laetoli's footprint provides a clear snapshot of early Hominini bipedalism with slightly but significantly different limb postures. These data support the hypothesis that significant evolutionary changes in Hominini bipedalism occurred 36 million years ago.

Laetoli is a prehistoric site in the Enduleni district of the Ngorongoro district in the Arusha region of Tanzania. The site dates from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene and is famous for its Hominini footprints preserved in volcanic ash. The location of Laetoli's footprints is 45 km south of the Olduvai Gorge.

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The term that describes the practice of placing clients with the same infection in a semi private room is called Patient cohorting.

Patient cohorting is defined as the strategy used by health personnel such as nurses to limit the spread of infection from one patient to another and from patients to the health workers.

It is defined as the placement of patients exposed to or infected with the same laboratory-confirmed pathogen in the same inpatient room/geographic area.

It is also a strategy which can be used when patient requirements for private rooms exceed capacity.

The importance of this strategy is to limit the spread of the disease causing microorganisms.

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