With the formation of unreduced gametes or doubled somatic cells, polyploidy can yield the antecedents of new species inside one generation (autopolyploidy) as well as two generations (allopolyploidy) (Ramsey and Schemske, 1998; Mason and Pires, 2015).
In just one or two generations, fully separated polyploid species can appear, and in as little as 60 generations, diploid and homoploid hybrid species can reach isolation.
In some circumstances, polyploids can be employed as a bridge enabling gene transfer between two species when crossing between them is not feasible due to differences in ploidy level. Moreover, polyploidy frequently causes meiotic mistakes that impair fertility, enabling the development of seedless cultivars. According to some estimations, between 30 and 80 percent of species of live plants are polyploid.
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which of these is the first step in specifying the direction that research will take?
Identification and definition of your investigation's focus are the first steps in doing action research. Create some questions about the subject of your concentration.
Finally, you must come up with a strategy for studying and responding to the questions you have created. A researchable issue should be chosen. Finding a researchable problem is the first stage in the study process. In order to answer your research topic, you must first categorize, locate, evaluate, and investigate the data. Next, you must create and explain your views.
A method of conducting research that is not theoretically grounded is known as a "research design." b) The decision to employ qualitative or quantitative techniques. b) The manner in which you show the results of your research, such as via a graph.
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Correct Question:
What is the first step in specifying the direction that research will take?
Francis Crick proposed the adaptor hypothesis, and later the adaptor was discovered to be:
A) siRNA
B) amino acid
C) tRNA
D) mRNA
E) micro RNA
Francis Crick put forth the adaptor hypothesis, and tRNA was later found to be the adaptor. The correct answer is option(c).
Francis Crick OM FRS was an English microscopic wildlife expert, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins acted important functions in understanding the curling form of the DNA particle.
Transfer RNA (shortened tRNA) is a narrow RNA fragment that plays a key duty in protein combination. Transfer RNA serves as a link (or adaptor) 'tween the emissary RNA (mRNA) particle and the increasing chain of amino acids that compensate for a protein.
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Post Lab Questions Please select all of the statements which are true regarding isolated colonies. Check All That Apply O The colony results from a single cell or a cluster of cells multiplying into a visible mass. O The cells within the colony are all the same species O Isolated colonies form on solid nutrient media. O Isolated colonies form in liquid nutrient media. Isolated colonies can only be obtained via the streak plate method
The truth regarding isolated colonies is that the colony results from a single cell or a cluster of cells multiplying into a visible mass; the cells within the colony are all the same species; isolated colonies form on solid nutrient media that are present on the first, second, and third options.
What is a bacterial colony?Isolated bacterial colonies are a visible mass of microorganisms that grow from a single cell or a small cluster of cells, so when microorganisms are spread on a nutrient agar plate using a technique like the streak plate method, they grow and divide.
As a result, the cells within the colony are all the same species after multiplying from a single cell or a cluster of cells into a visible mass, isolated colonies form on solid nutrient media that are present in the first, second, and third options.
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what is the nape of the neck
The nape of the neck is basically the back side of our neck which is also sometimes called the nucha.
The nape can be basically defined the back of our neck. In technical medical or the technical terminology, the nape is also known as the the nucha.
In a number of different mammals the nape happens to bear a loose as well as non-sensitive area of the skin which is basically known as known as the scruff. It is seen in dogs that it is by this scruff which a mother basically carries her young by her teeth. Sometimes pain is observed in this part of the body due to a bad posture, mental stress etc.
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why are all of the fossil taxa from the pliocene in this module called hominins?
The fossil taxa from the pliocene in this module called hominins because they are in the family, Hominidae.
Great apes are a taxonomic own circle of relatives of primates labeled as Hominidae and encompass seven dwelling species in 4 types- chimpanzees and bonobos (Pan), gorillas (Gorilla), orangutans (Pongo), and people (Homo). Hominidae turned into in the beginning the call given to the own circle of relatives of people and their (extinct) near relatives, with the opposite extremely good apes (that is, the orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees) all being positioned in a separate own circle of relatives, the Pongidae. Hominid – the institution including all current and extinct Great Apes (that is, current people, chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans plus all their on the spot ancestors).
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Complete question-
Why are all of the fossil taxa from the Pliocene in this module called hominins?
a. Because they are in the family, Hominidae
b. Because they are in the subfamily, Homininae
c. Because they are in the tribe, Hominini
d. Because they are bipedal.
________ a superior projection on the ________ bone, attaches to the dura mater and secures the brain within the skull.
Crista Galli a superior projection on the Ethmoid bone attaches to the dura mater and secures the brain within the skull.
The ethmoid bone, which is found near the base of the skull, protrudes superiorly and forms the crista galli. The falx cerebri, a piece of dura mater that divides the two hemispheres of the brain, attaches to the triangular ridge at this location. This attachment offers the brain additional support and works to limit excessive movement that can harm sensitive brain areas.
One of the bones that make up the skull is the ethmoid bone, which is crucial in supporting and safeguarding the brain. It is part of the nasal cavity and the eye sockets, and it is situated at the base of the skull. There are various projections on the ethmoid bone, but the crista galli is particularly significant because it holds the brain securely inside the skull.
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how cells regulate their sensitivity to circulating hormones
Cell sensitivity might grow or decrease depending on the quantity of hormone receptors present.
Up-regulation, a reaction to growing hormone levels that makes the cell more responsive to the hormone and permits increased cellular activity, can cause the number of receptors to rise. Moreover, the quantity of hormone receptors that activate cells might alter throughout time, increasing or decreasing the sensitivity of the cells.
Up-regulation occurs when the number of receptors rises in response to an increase in hormone levels, increasing the sensitivity of the cell to the hormone and enabling higher levels of cellular activity. Humoral stimuli, hormonal stimuli, and neurological stimuli are the three main ways that endocrine glands are triggered to produce and release hormones.
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a certain cell no longer needs a particular protein in its development. how does the cell stop production of the protein?
When a certain cell no longer needs a particular protein in its development, the cell stops the production of the protein by repressing transcription and translation of the gene for the protein.
The correct option is D.
Gene repression is the process of turning off specific genes whose byproducts are required to keep a cell functioning, such as the creation of essential cofactors or enzymes. This is crucial if the end products of these genes are short-lived, degraded, or metabolized.
Gene repression represses gene expression when the gene product such as a protein is no longer needed by the cell in its development.
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Full Question ;
A certain cell no longer needs a particular protein in its development.
How does the cell stop production of the protein?
by using vesicles to transport excess protein from the cell
by recruiting enzymes to break down any additional protein produced
by breaking down the segments of DNA containing the gene for that protein
by repressing transcription and translation of the gene for the protein
what meninges will closest to the bone of the vertebrate?
The dura mater is the outer, strong, thick membrane layer that is located just below your skull and spinal column.
Which meningeal layer is located near to the bone?The cerebral dura mater, the topmost layer of the meninges, is formed of dense, asymmetric connective tissue. It has two layers, with the periosteal cranial dura serving as the outermost layer. The inner table of the cranial vault bones are covered, acting as the periosteal layer of the skull.
Which meninge is the one that is situated closest to the spinal cord?The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges, three-layered membranes. The thin inner layer is known as the pia mater. The middle layer is the arachnoid, a web-like structure filled with fluid that protects the brain.
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how many net gtps atps are formed via the citric acid cycle from pyruvate that is produced from the glycolytic metabolism of one molecule of glucose? A. -2 B. -30 C. +30 D. +2
Pyruvate, which is created by the glycolytic metabolism with one molecule of glucose, is converted into -30 net gtps atps via the citric acid cycle.
Two molecules containing pyruvate are created as a result of a multi-step enzyme reaction wherein glucose is partially oxidised. There is indeed a net gain of 2 ATPs during glycolysis. Pyruvate reaches the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions and proceeds through oxidative phosphorylation, which results in the net synthesis of 32 ATP molecules. Citric acid cycle byproducts for each glucose which enters glycolysis are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, & 2 FADH2. - The polypeptide chain that has just been created is released during the translation's termination step using 1 GTP.
(How many net GTPs + ATPs are formed via the citric acid cycle from pyruvate that is produced from the glycolytic metabolism of one molecule of glucose?)
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two normal parents have three normal children: one son and two daughters. their son and one of their daughters marry and also have normal children. their second daughter, mary, marries a man with a rare, recessive blood disorder. they have two children, and both children develop the blood disorder. what must be true of the genotypes of mary's parents? view available hint(s)for part a two normal parents have three normal children: one son and two daughters. their son and one of their daughters marry and also have normal children. their second daughter, mary, marries a man with a rare, recessive blood disorder. they have two children, and both children develop the blood disorder. what must be true of the genotypes of mary's parents? mary's parents were both homozygous for the trait. either one of her parents or both of her parents were heterozygous for the trait. her mother was heterozygous for the trait. her father was heterozygous for the trait.
The genotypes of Mary's parents are :Either one of her parents or both of her parents were heterozygous for the trait.
What is the genotype of Mary's parents?If Mary has two children with rare, recessive blood disorder, this means that both she and her husband are carriers of gene for the disorder.
Since Mary's parents are both normal and have three normal children, they must both be heterozygous carriers of the gene for disorder.
Mary's parents each carry one copy of the normal gene (N) and one copy of the recessive gene for disorder ( n). Their genotypes would be Nn for both parents.
When they had children, each child had 25% chance of inheriting two copies of the recessive gene (nn) and developing disorder, 50% chance of inheriting one copy of recessive gene (Nn) and being carrier like their parents, and 25% chance of inheriting two copies of normal gene (NN) and not having the disorder or being carrier.
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All organisms require an influx of substances from their habitat to meet there.... needs for chemical elements and energy.
Yes, that is correct. All living organisms require an influx of substances from their environment or habitat to meet their needs for chemical elements and energy
What is Energy?
Energy is a fundamental concept in physics that refers to the capacity of a system to do work. It can be defined as the ability to cause a change or to exert a force over a distance.
Living organisms require a variety of chemical elements, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, which are used to build organic molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules are essential for life processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
Organisms also require energy to carry out these processes, which is obtained through the breakdown of organic molecules such as glucose, which is produced through photosynthesis in autotrophic organisms or obtained from the diet in heterotrophic organisms.
The ability of an organism to obtain the necessary elements and energy from its environment is a critical factor in determining its survival and success. Different types of organisms have evolved a variety of strategies for obtaining these resources, ranging from photosynthesis in plants to predation in carnivorous animals. The study of how organisms interact with their environment to obtain the resources necessary for life is known as ecology.
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What was NOT a key characteristic of the common ancestor of all life?a. It had DNA as its genetic codeb. It lacked complex compartmentalization and membrane-bound organellesc. It contained its DNA in a protected nucleusd. Through transcription and translation, its DNA made RNA which then coded for proteins
The correct option is C; It contained its DNA in a protected nucleusd. Because organisms share some crucial characteristics, there must have been one or a few universal common ancestor(s) of all species.
They consist of (one or more) cells, or rely on cells for reproduction; they exhibit the characteristic properties of life (metabolism, reproduction, homeostasis, etc.),... All known life forms can be traced back to a last universal common ancestor (LUCA) who lived during the beginning of Darwinian evolution. The most common way to ask questions about LUCA is to look for traits that are shared by all cells, such as ribosomes or the genetic code.
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Is allele frequency the same as phenotype frequency?
Allele frequency is not the same as phenotype frequency. This is because allele frequency explains the frequency of occurrence of a particular gene or allele, not a trait.
Allele frequency describes the frequency of a particular gene or allele that shows up in a given population. Whereas phenotype frequency describes the frequency of occurrence of a particular trait in a given population. p and q are used to denote allele frequencies. The phenotype frequency gives the frequency of traits.
For example, let's consider the occurrence of the white and purple colors of a flower. The allele for purple is W and for white is w. The frequency of occurrence of W and w give the allele frequency. And, the frequency of occurrence of white and purple colors gives the phenotype frequency. Therefore, allele frequency and phenotype frequency are not the same.
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what is the antonym imprint permanently
The opposite of impressing or infixing into a surface, an item, or a person's psyche. Destroy, disregard, and disturb.
Permanent can also be described as strong, long-lasting, and steady. All of these phrases refer to anything that is "enduring for so long as to look fixed or established," but the word "permanent" adds the impression that it was intended to last or continue indefinitely.
Ephemeral acting serving as a temporary replacement in particular. Ephemeral, fugacious, passing, fleeting, temporary lasting for a moment or two. forever and ever: Your health will likely be irreparably harmed if you smoke. Michael and his family have made their home in the United States for good. I feel like I'm broke all the time.
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if a bacterium adapted to a warm environment were moved to a much colder environment, what changes to the membrane lipids should the bacterium make?a)Because increased temperature decreases fluidity, the bacterium should increase the length of fatty acid tails on membrane lipids b)Because increased temperature increases fluidity, the bacterium should decrease the length of fatty acid tails on membrane lipids c)Because increased temperature decreases fluidity, the bacterium should decrease the length of fatty acid tails on membrane lipids d)Because increased temperature increases fluidity, the bacterium should increase the length of fatty acid tails on membrane lipids
Without control, a membrane would form when an organism went from a high concentration to a low temperature. Without control, a living thing changed from a high with inadequate fluid.
Describe a fluid?Liquid, white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are all components of blood. Lymph is made up of lymphocytes. The body's blood circulates nutrients, waste products, and gases. Gases, hormones, and nutrients are transported via lymph. A lubricating fluid separates two stable surfaces in lubricated friction, a type of fluid friction. Fluids are substances that exhibit fluidity. Fluids include, for example, liquid and gas. The ability of a particle to move about in space is due to its fluidity. In general, gases are more fluid than liquids.
Describe a molecule?Two or maybe more atoms are linked by chemical bonds to form a molecule.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. new nail growth comes from the _____.
The new nail growth comes from the nail root.
Nails which are present in our body are basically composed of keratin. The hard surface present on the nails basically helps to protect the tips of our toes as well as fingers. The nail growth starts in the nail root which is located hidden under the cuticle.
When the cells present in the nail root nail grow, the new nail cells basically happen to push the old nail cells out. These old cells of the nails flatten and harden because of the keratin protein. The nail which is formed newly then slides along the nail bed which is a flat surface that is present under our nails and is placed on top of tiny blood vessels which give our nails their pink color.
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What does "moving slow" mean to a geologist? - pls answer in RACE
"Moving slow" means to a geologist that the landslide may be dormant and stable which is based on the landslide's appearance and short-term movement monitoring.
Who is a Geologist?This is referred to as a scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them.
Landslides may move so slowly that their movement is imperceptible to humans and a geologist who discovers that a landslide is slow moving will have an idea that it is moist likely dormant and stable.
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rem sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects? group of answer choices. A. Intense,prolonged periods of stage 3 and 4 sleep. B. Interfence wwith memory tasks. C. Decreased sleep onset episodes. D. Sleep apnea and night terrors. E. Heightened manifest dream conten
Intense, Prolonged periods of stage 3 and 4 sleep: REM sleep deprivation can lead to an increase in deep sleep, also known as stage 3 and 4 sleep, which are usually followed by lighter sleep stages.
A. This can cause longer and more intense periods of deep sleep, and can lead to a feeling of tiredness during the day.
B. Interference with memory tasks: REM sleep deprivation has been linked to impairments in memory formation and recall. Studies have found that REM sleep deprivation impairs the ability to remember information, and can lead to difficulty concentrating and completing tasks.
C. Decreased sleep onset episodes: REM sleep deprivation can lead to a prolonged sleep latency period, which is the amount of time it takes to fall asleep. This can lead to decreased sleep onset episodes and an increased difficulty in getting a good night’s sleep.
D. Sleep apnea and night terrors: REM sleep deprivation can increase the risk of developing sleep apnea and night terrors, which can cause extreme fatigue, irritability, and mood swings.
E. Heightened manifest dream content: REM sleep deprivation can increase the amount of manifest dream content, which are dreams that are remembered when one wakes up.
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At what stage does a cell become committed to the cell cycle?
A cell becomes committed to the cell cycle at the G1/S transition.
This transition marks the start of the cell cycle and marks the point at which the cell has decided to divide and is no longer able to return to the G1 phase. At this point the cell begins to replicate its DNA, transcribe its genes and synthesize proteins required for the cell cycle. This is the point at which the cell is committed to the cell cycle and will continue to progress through the cycle until it enters the G2 phase.The cell cycle, also known as the cell-division cycle, is a series of actions that leads to the division of a cell into two daughter cells. These events involve the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and a few of its organelles, followed by the process of cell division, which entails splitting the original cell into two daughter cells and dividing its cytoplasm, chromosomes, and other constituents.
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An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. (the actual alleles an individual inherited from their parents)Choose matching terma. allelesb. homozygousc. genotyped. recessive
How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms?
A: DNA is the molecular building block of proteins.
B: DNA leaves the nucleus and interacts directly with other molecules in the cytoplasm.
C: The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein.
D: DNA serves as a template upon which proteins are assembled.
E: DNA is translated into protein and then transcribed to RNA.
c. The information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into proteins. A gene's DNA sequence is copied to create an RNA molecule during transcription.
Because the DNA sequence is rewritten, or "transcribed," into a comparable RNA "alphabet," this process is known as transcription. To develop into a mature messenger RNA in eukaryotes, the RNA molecule must go through processing (mRNA).
For the purpose of specifying the polypeptide's amino acid sequence during translation, the mRNA sequence is decoded. The name translation refers to the process of converting the nucleotide sequence of the messenger RNA sequence into the entirely different "language" of amino acids.
Information travels from DNA through RNA to protein when a protein-coding gene is expressed. The fundamental principle underlying molecular biology is this directionality of information flow.
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How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells? Select all that apply.
A. Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not.
B. A reticulocyte doesn't have a nucleus; a RBC does.
C. RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes.
Reticulocytes contain polyribosomes but RBCs do not. RBCs are high which is only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. So, the correct options are A and C.
What are Reticulocytes?Reticulocytes are defined as immature red blood cells (RBCs) that undergo erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation), reticulocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow which then circulate in the bloodstream for about a year before developing into mature red blood cells which is aired during the day.
Reticulocytes contain polyribosomes but RBCs do not where the RBCs are high which is only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes.
Therefore, the correct options are A and C.
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what are the main difference between animal and plant cells??
How do these differences influence the internal structure of these cell
The main difference is that Animal Cells do not have a cell wall, plants do. there's obviously more but I believe that's the main difference
A cell membrane and a cell wall are features of plant cells. The cell membrane is surrounded by the cell wall in plants. The plant cell's distinctive rectangular shape is due to this. Plant cells lack the centrosome and lysosome, while animal cells only have a cell membrane and no cell wall, giving them a circular shape. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole.
What are the 4 types of epithelial tissue?
China’s population shrank in 2022 for the first time in six decades. According to u. N. Estimates, which country is poised to overtake china as the world’s most populous country later this year?
India is ready to turn into the world's most crowded country this year - outdoing China, which has held the differentiation since somewhere around 1950 when the Assembled Countries populace records start.
As indicated by projections by the Total populace Survey, India has outperformed China as the world's most crowded country. While India's populace was 1.42 billion as of January 18, China interestingly detailed a fall of 850,000 since the 1960s and presently remains at 1.41 billion.
The country's populace fell in 2022 to 1.411 billion, down exactly 850,000 individuals from the earlier year, China's Public Department of Measurements (NBS) reported during a Tuesday preparation on yearly information.
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Which does not cause rapid growth in a population?
A. elimination of a pollutant
B. elimination of predators
C. increase in food supply
D. introduction of a new parasite
E. introduction into a new habitat
Answer:
B. elimination of predators does not cause rapid growth in a population.
Explanation:
B. elimination of predators does not cause rapid growth in a population. In fact, the elimination of predators often leads to a decrease in the population size of the prey species, as without the predation pressure, the prey population may exceed the carrying capacity of the environment, leading to increased competition for limited resources and other factors that can limit population growth.
A, C, D, and E can all cause rapid growth in a population, although the specific effects may depend on the species and the particular circumstances. For example, the elimination of a pollutant can improve the health and survival of individuals in a population, leading to increased reproduction and population growth. Similarly, an increase in food supply can lead to increased reproduction and survival, while the introduction of a new parasite can reduce the population size of the host species, potentially leading to an increase in the survival and reproduction of the remaining individuals. Finally, the introduction of a population into a new habitat can often lead to rapid population growth as the population expands into an area with more resources and fewer limiting factors.
which lipoprotein particle is generated by the action of lipoprotein lipase on vldl particles?
Lipoprotein particles that is generated by the action of lipoprotein lipase on VLDL particles. Lipoprotein lipase is an enzyme that is responsible for breaking down triglycerides in lipoprotein particles in the bloodstream.
When LPL acts on very low-density lipoprotein particles, it converts them into intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) particles by removing some of the triglycerides.IDL particles are therefore the lipoprotein particle that is generated by the action of lipoprotein lipase on VLDL particles. IDL particles are intermediate in size and density between VLDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and they can either be taken up by the liver or further broken down into LDL particles. LDL particles are often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because high levels of LDL in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Which describes a flower?
A. it is used for photosynthesis.
B. It is a reproductive structure.
i believe it’s B. It is a reproductive structure.
Answer:
A is the answer because a flower uses photosynthesis to Bloom and became beautiful also colourful
A crime lab is using mitochondrial DNA as evidence in an upcoming case. Why is a crime lab MOST likely to use mitochondrial DNA instead of nuclear DNA as evidence in a case?
because human remains have been charred by fire
because the DNA sample is smaller than a quarter
because there are no human teeth or bones available
because the DNA sample is more than three years old
The crime lab will be using mitochondrial DNA as an evidence instead of the nuclear DNA as the human remains must have got charred by the fire.
The correct option is option a.
The forensics team which is examining a mitochondrial DNA will look for biological items of evidence from the crime scenes in order to determine the mitochondrial DNA (or the mtDNA) sequence from the samples like the bones, hair and the teeth. These items basically contains low concentrations of the degraded DNA which makes them unsuitable for nuclear DNA examinations.
The high sensitivity of mitochondrial DNA analysis happens to allow the forensic scientists to obtain required information from items of evidence.
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