The molecule that has been reduced has gained electrons, which acts as a source of energy to reduce the molecule.
-The molecule has gained electrons.
-The molecule has a lower oxidation state.
-The molecule is more stable than its oxidized form.
A molecule that has been reduced has gained electrons, thus the first statement is true. This means that the molecule has a lower oxidation state, so the second statement is also true. As a result of the lower oxidation state, the molecule is more stable than its oxidized form, which makes the third statement true.
The molecule that has been reduced has gained electrons, which acts as a source of energy to reduce the molecule. This results in the molecule having a lower oxidation state, meaning it is more stable than its oxidized form. The molecule is now in it's reduced form and has a lower energy state than its oxidized form. The molecule is now more stable and can accept more electrons, thus allowing for further reactions.
learn more about molecule here
https://brainly.com/question/19556990
#SPJ4
Which aspect of the human skeletal system provides forensic anthropologists with the most information about a skeleton's age?
A. the general shape and size of the eye orbits
the way that bones change position over time
the tendency of human bones to harden with exposure
the fact that specific bones exhibit sex differences
B.
C.
O D.
The aspect of the human skeletal system that provides forensic anthropologists with the most information about the age of skeletons is the fact that specific bones that exhibit sex differences. Option D
Human Skeletons and AnthropologyAmong the options provided, the aspect of the human skeletal system that provides forensic anthropologists with the most information about a skeleton's age is the fact that specific bones exhibit sex differences.
While the shape and size of eye orbits, bone position changes over time, and bone hardening with exposure can provide some information about age, determining sex differences through specific bone characteristics (such as pelvic bones, skull features, or long bone dimensions) is often more reliable and widely used in forensic anthropology to estimate the age of a skeleton.
More on forensic anthropology can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/7362428
#SPJ1
SOMEONE PLEASE
Scientists are optimistic about the use of gene therapy to treat genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis. If gene therapy is as successful as possible, what is its expected action and benefit for the patient?
A. Gene therapy introduces a new gene to the patient and temporarily improves the symptoms of the disorder.
B. Gene therapy deactivates the defective gene and permanently improves the symptoms of the disorder.
C. Gene therapy removes the defective gene and permanently improves the symptoms of the disorder.
D. Gene therapy replaces the defective gene and cures the patient of the disorder.
Answer:
D. Gene therapy replaces the defective gene and cures the patient of the disorder.
Explanation:
Where does the Completion digestion occurs
Answer:
The completion digestion of food occurs primarily in the small intestine. After partially digested food passes from the stomach to the small intestine, it undergoes further breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
The small intestine is the main site for enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption in the digestive system. It has specialized structures called villi and microvilli that increase the surface area for efficient absorption.
Enzymes secreted by the pancreas and the small intestine itself, such as lipase, amylase, and proteases, further break down complex molecules into simpler forms for absorption into the bloodstream.
The small intestine plays a crucial role in the final stages of digestion and nutrient absorption in the human body.
To learn more about Completion digestion:
https://brainly.com/question/236207
Different kinds of substances have different properties. Compare and contrast the electrical properties of salts, metals, and acids.
Salts, metals, and acids are three different types of substances exhibiting unique electrical properties.
Thus, salts are ionic compounds and exhibit electrical properties as they have both positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. They can dissociate in solution into their constituent ions to conduct electricity, but they can not conduct electricity in the solid state.
Like salts, metals also conduct electricity due to their free-moving electrons. They have high electrical conductivity and are used in electrical wiring and other applications. Acids release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water which allows them to conduct electricity because the hydrogen ions move freely and carry an electrical charge when acids are dissolved in water, thereby, exhibiting electrical properties.
Learn more about the salts here:
https://brainly.com/question/30105881
#SPJ1
The amount of cortex in the postcentral gyrus devoted to a given body region is proportional to ___________; the amount of cortex in the precentral gyrus devoted to a given body region is proportional to ___________.
1) How richly innervated & sensitive that region is; the # of muscles & motor units in that region
2) The # of muscles & motor units in that region; how richly innervated & sensitive that region is
3) The size of the body region; the size of the body region
4) The # of receptors in that body region; the # of receptors in that body region
The amount of cortex in the postcentral gyrus devoted to a given body region is proportional to how richly innervated and sensitive that region is; the amount of cortex in the precentral gyrus devoted to a given body region is proportional to the # of muscles & motor units in that region, option 1 is correct.
The postcentral gyrus, located in the parietal lobe, is responsible for processing sensory information, including touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, from different parts of the body.
The amount of cortex in the postcentral gyrus devoted to a particular body region is proportional to the density of sensory receptors and the complexity of neural pathways that convey sensory information from that region to the brain, option 1 is correct.
To learn more about gyrus follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/31740974
#SPJ1
4. A piece of potato is placed in an open container of 0.22M sucrose solution. After a few minutes, you measure the mass of the potato again and no mass change has occurred. What is the solute potential the potato cells if the temperature is 27°C?
The solute potential of the potato cells in the given scenario is approximately -6.572 atm·L/mol at a temperature of 27°C.
To determine the solute potential of the potato cells in the given scenario, we need to use the formula for solute potential:
Ψ = -iCRT
Where:
Ψ is the solute potential
i is the ionization constant (which depends on the number of particles into which the solute dissociates)
C is the molar concentration of the solution
R is the ideal gas constant
T is the temperature in Kelvin
First, let's convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15
T(K) = 27°C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
Since sucrose does not ionize in solution, i = 1.
The concentration of the sucrose solution is given as 0.22 M.
The ideal gas constant, R, is approximately 0.0831 L·atm/(mol·K).
Plugging in the values into the formula:
Ψ = -1 * (0.22 M) * (0.0831 L·atm/(mol·K)) * (300.15 K)
Calculating this equation gives us the solute potential of the potato cells.
Ψ = -1 * (0.22) * (0.0831) * (300.15) = -6.572 atm·L/mol
Therefore, the solute potential of the potato cells in the given scenario is approximately -6.572 atm·L/mol at a temperature of 27°C.
for similar questions on solute potential
https://brainly.com/question/28300184
#SPJ11
1 is known as the "Father of Genetics". He was the first to show how traits are 2__ from parent to offspring. He used _
3
plants
in his experiments. In this plant, the sexual reproductive structures are completely enclosed within the flower, making this plant _4__.
Sex cells (egg and sperm are called .
_5_.
6_
occurs when the
sperm fuses with the egg. The "Father of Genetics" used a process called
_7_
when he wanted to breed one plant with a different
plant. When he bred true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding dwarf plants, all of the resulting offspring were _
. But when
these hybrids were allowed to self-pollinate, it resulted in offspring that were _
_9_
and
_10_. He realized this was caused by one
11 that occurred in two contrasting forms called.
_12_
I am not sure they are right but here u go:
1. Charles Darwin
2. inherited
13. Phenotype
14. Heterozygous
15. Receive
20. Nucleus
22. Homozygous
23. Dominant
Fill in the blank:
Looking at the number of _____ gave us absolute dating
I’ll give brainliest!!!
Archaeologists use two kinds of dating methods: relative dating and absolute dating. In relative dating, we determine which things are older or younger based on their relationships. For example, we know from geology that soil layers near the surface of the ground are usually younger than those deeper down. This relationship helps archaeologists know that objects we find deep in the ground are older than things we find closer to the surface.All isotopes of carbon have 6 protons but different numbers of neutrons. One of the carbon isotopes that occurs in nature is radioactive; it has 8 neutrons and is called carbon-14.
The moon and sun appear to move in the sky this is due to
Answer:
The Correct answer is due to the rotation of the earth around its axis
what did the incorrect theory of alchemy lead scientist to discover
The incorrect theory of alchemy, which aimed to transmute base metals into noble metals like gold and achieve immortality, led scientists to discover several important aspects of chemistry.
Alchemists' experiments advanced chemistry, even though they never fulfilled their aims. They perfected distillation, filtration, and crystallisation, which are still used today.
Alchemists studied the characteristics and interactions of many substances, establishing the framework for chemical elements, compounds, and reactions. Alchemy accidentally advanced chemical understanding and experimental methods.
Learn more about Theory of Alchemy, here:
https://brainly.com/question/14420152
#SPJ1
Which organisms undergo photosynthesis? Illustration of a reproductive structure produced by some fungi. Photograph of a round orange-colored fruit that grows on a tree. It has dark spots on its orange peel. Photograph of living things that grow from the soil. Photograph of a star fish, represented as a marine invertebrate with spiny skin and five arms surrounding a central disk-shaped body resting on coral reef in deep water. Close-up view of a palm tree with a single straight trunk having a large, nut-like fruit on it.
Organisms that undergo photosynthesis are typically autotrophic, meaning they can produce their own food using energy from sunlight. This includes plants, algae, and some types of bacteria.
A reproductive structure produced by some fungi is a mushroom. Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of fungi, and they produce spores for reproduction. The cap of the mushroom is often the most noticeable part, and it can have a wide range of colors and shapes.
The round orange-colored fruit that grows on a tree and has dark spots on its peel is likely an orange. Oranges are a type of citrus fruit that grow on trees in warm climates. They are a good source of vitamin C and are commonly eaten as a snack or used in cooking and baking.
Living things that grow from the soil can include a wide range of organisms, such as plants, fungi, and bacteria. It's difficult to say exactly what is being referred to without more information or a specific image.
A starfish, also known as a sea star, is a marine invertebrate with spiny skin and five arms surrounding a central disk-shaped body. They are found in a variety of ocean habitats and are known for their ability to regenerate lost limbs.
The large, nut-like fruit on a palm tree is likely a coconut. Coconuts grow on palm trees and are a common source of food and drink in many tropical regions. They are also used in a variety of products, such as coconut oil and coconut milk.
The dog are an example of what type of , because the flea irritates the dogs skin and feeds on it blood
Answer: parasite
Explanation: I dont know what word was supposed to come after "of", but judging by all the surrounding words, its seems that the answer is parasite. Hope this helps!
To move charges there needs to be a motive or
To move charges, there needs to be a motive or a driving force that facilitates the flow of electric charges through a conductor. This motive can be provided by various factors and mechanisms.
One of the primary motives for the movement of charges is the presence of an electric field. An electric field exerts a force on charged particles, causing them to move in a particular direction. This force can be generated by applying a voltage difference across a conductor, creating an electric potential difference. The charges will naturally move from an area of higher potential to an area of lower potential, driven by the electric field.
In addition to electric fields, other motives for charge movement can include electromagnetic induction, where a changing magnetic field induces a current in a conductor, and chemical reactions, such as in batteries or fuel cells, where the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy creates a motive for charge flow.
Ultimately, the motive for moving charges is provided by the presence of a force or potential difference that can overcome any resistances or obstacles in the conductor, allowing the charges to move and establish an electric current.
For more such information on: charge
https://brainly.com/question/14306160
#SPJ11
Using 2-3 sentences summarize what you investigated and observed in this lab.
Astronomers use a wide variety of technology to explore space and the electromagnetic spectrum; why do you believe it is essential to use many types of equipment when studying space?
If carbon was the most comment element found in the moons and planets what element is missing that would make them similar to earth? Explain why. (Hint: Think about the carbon cycle.)
We knows that the electromagnetic spectrum uses wavelengths and frequencies to determine a lot about outer space. How does it help us find out the makeup of stars?
Why might it be useful to determine the elements that a planet or moon is made up of?
1. Because different instruments and procedures are created to detect and investigate various phenomena, astronomers use a wide range of techniques to explore space. Each piece of technology provides different capabilities and insights into the universe.
2. If carbon were the most prevalent element on the Moon and planets, hydrogen would be the component that distinguishes them from Earth. The most abundant element in the universe, hydrogen is essential to the carbon cycle.
3. By examining the precise wavelengths and frequencies of light emitted or absorbed by stars, the electromagnetic spectrum aids our understanding of the structure of stars. Because each element emits or absorbs light at a particular wavelength, it has a distinct spectral fingerprint. Astronomers can determine the elements present in a star by examining the spectrum of the star's light.
4. There are various uses for knowing the elements that make up a planet or moon. First, it provides clues about the planet's history and formation. Different elements come from different sources and can explain how the planet formed through processes such as stellar nucleosynthesis or collisions with other celestial bodies. Second, the geology, atmosphere, and ability to support life on a planet are all affected by the elemental makeup.
Learn more about electromagnetic spectrum, here:
https://brainly.com/question/23727978
#SPJ1
In a woodland, the bark on most of the trees was dark gray. Over time, a population of moths that lived in the woodland gradually changed from light gray to dark gray.
Which ,begin emphasis,best,end emphasis, describes how this change in the moth population was the result of natural selection?
In the given scenario, where the bark on most trees in a woodland was dark gray, and the population of moths that lived in the woodland gradually changed from light gray to dark gray over time, natural selection best explains how this change in the moth population was the result of natural selection.
Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution where the traits that help organisms survive and reproduce become more common in a population over time. The best explanation of how this change in the moth population was the result of natural selection is provided as follows: Initially, the moth population was light gray, and the tree bark was dark gray.
This meant that the light gray moths were easily seen by predators on the dark gray bark, whereas the dark gray moths could blend in with the dark bark, making them difficult to see by predators. As a result, the light gray moths were more vulnerable to predation, whereas the dark gray moths had better survival rates.
This difference in survival rates led to a higher proportion of dark gray moths in the population over time. This change in the moth population from light gray to dark gray was due to natural selection because it involved the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain traits.
The dark gray moths had a higher fitness (i.e., ability to survive and reproduce) than the light gray moths, and this led to the gradual increase in the frequency of the dark gray trait in the population. Therefore, this scenario is a classic example of how natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations over time.
In conclusion, the change in the moth population from light gray to dark gray in the woodland was the result of natural selection because it involved the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain traits. The dark gray moths had a higher fitness than the light gray moths, and this led to the gradual increase in the frequency of the dark gray trait in the population over time.
Know more about Natural selection here :
brainly.com/question/23929271
#SPJ8
The book, Structure of Scientific Revolutions written by Thomas S. Kuhn and he put forward three key concepts: normal science, scientific revolution, and _____________________. give an example of research/study that we discussed in the class and that could be credited as scientific revolution: _____________________.
The book, Structure of Scientific Revolutions written by Thomas S. Kuhn and he put forward three key concepts: normal science, scientific revolution, and paradigm shift.
One example of research that could be credited as a scientific revolution is the discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick. Their work represented a significant shift in the field of biology, as it led to a new understanding of genetics and the mechanisms of heredity.
Prior to their discovery, the prevailing view in biology was that genetic information was carried in protein molecules. Watson and Crick's discovery challenged this paradigm and ushered in a new era of research focused on DNA and its role in genetics. This revolution in biological understanding had a profound impact on fields such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.
To learn more about scientific follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/17152046
#SPJ1
Doing The Activity Make a list of activities that take place on brest land,like hiking, fishing, hunting, eading, taking pictures, camping, rock limbing, skiing, snow- mobiling, logging, razing, or mining. Think about how any of mese activities would conflict with each other done on the same piece of land. Discuss these questions: Which activities ould cost the most to provide on forest land? Which would bring the most visitors? Which activities would cost the most to provide on forest land Which would have the greatest impact on the forest ecosystem? On the wildlife there? Would this effect be permanent or temporary? Which would cause fragmentation? Which would provide for society's most critical needs?
Activities that take place on forest land can vary greatly and may include hiking, fishing, hunting, reading, taking pictures, camping, rock climbing, skiing, snowmobiling, logging, grazing, or mining. Here's a discussion of the questions you raised:
1. Cost to provide on forest land: Activities like logging, mining, and skiing/snowmobiling typically require infrastructure development, equipment, maintenance, and personnel, making them relatively expensive to provide on forest land.
2. Attracting visitors: Hiking, camping, fishing, and wildlife viewing tend to attract a significant number of visitors due to their accessibility, affordability, and recreational appeal.
3. Impact on forest ecosystem and wildlife: Logging, mining, and grazing have the greatest impact on the forest ecosystem. Logging involves the removal of trees, potentially altering the forest structure and disrupting habitats. Mining can lead to soil erosion, habitat destruction, and water pollution. Grazing by livestock can degrade vegetation and impact native wildlife habitats.
4. Duration of the impact: The impact of activities like logging, mining, and grazing can have long-term or even permanent effects on the forest ecosystem, particularly if they are not carried out sustainably or with proper mitigation measures.
5. Fragmentation: Activities like logging and mining can cause fragmentation by creating clearings or dividing the land into smaller patches. This fragmentation can disrupt wildlife movement, alter ecological connectivity, and reduce biodiversity.
6. Meeting critical societal needs: While activities like logging and mining may provide resources and contribute to economic needs, activities such as hiking, fishing, and wildlife conservation fulfill critical societal needs related to recreation, nature appreciation, and environmental conservation.
It's important to consider a balanced approach to land use planning and management, taking into account the diverse interests and impacts associated with various activities. This involves considering sustainable practices, mitigating negative impacts, and protecting the long-term health and integrity of forest ecosystems and wildlife populations.
Unit 3 Forum Topics
If you read the Chapter 7 "Chapter Mystery," you saw an example of the relationship between
biological science and medicine. Give another example of how the ongoing study of biology is
important to the practice of medicine.
Although we often discuss cancer as if it were a single disease, there are many different types of
cancer, each with its own specific treatments. Complete an internet search on one type of cancer
and summarize the current methods of treatment that are available for it.
Directions
Write a 250-word response (or longer) to one of the topics above and post it in the discussion forum. Please include the topic written out at the start of your post. Your writing should have at least a semi-formal tone: pay attention to the standard conventions of English writing (grammar, mechanics, spelling, and so on).
After you post your first response, stay and write a 100-word response to another student's post. Please remember to be kind with your responses, and remember that each student is entitled to his or her own personal opinion. Do your best to write a meaningful, thoughtful response.
We can see here that the study of biology has led to the development of new drugs and treatments for diseases. For example, the study of the human genome has led to the development of new drugs for cancer and other diseases.
What is biological science?Life itself is the subject of biological research. The study of all living things, from simple single-celled creatures to intricate multicellular organisms, is included in this large field of study.
Scientists who specialize in biology research the composition, mechanism, behavior, and evolution of living organisms. They also research how living things interact with their surroundings.
Learn more about biology on https://brainly.com/question/29885756
#SPJ1
Where does the water gets absorbed from undigested food
The large intestine absorbs the water in food when it reaches it.
what layer of the earth is made up of tectonic plates?
Answer:
The lithosphere.
Explanation:
What most likely caused the problem involving the serum albumin protein?
Answer: its mostly caused by a mutation in the animals DNA
Explanation:
Which type of light is least useful for photosynthesis in terrestrial plants?
Answer:
Green light is least useful for photosynthesis in terrestrial plants.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
(A) Increases plasma calcium (Ca2+) concentration.
(B) Promotes Ca2+ release from bone.
(C) Stimulates Ca2+ absorption across the walls of the small intestine.
(D) Stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption from kidney tubules (i.e., reduces Ca2+ loss in urine).
(E) All of the above
hello
the answer to the question is E)
Answer:
(B) Promotes Ca2+ release from bone.
Explanation:
Describe the roles of the pituitary gland and blood vessels in coordinating growth in an organism
Answer:
The hormones are released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland and then travel through the blood vessels until they reach the various organs they have an effect on.
Explanation:
for example, stimulates the thyroid gland to increase or reduce the production of thyroid hormones, depending on how much is needed.
Answer:
The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting various hormones that regulate growth in an organism. One of the primary hormones involved in this process is called growth hormone, which stimulates the growth and division of cells throughout the body. This hormone is regulated by other hormones and growth factors, which are produced in response to signals from the brain and other organs.
To ensure that these hormones reach their target tissues and organs, the body relies on a network of blood vessels. These vessels carry the hormones and other signaling molecules to their destinations, allowing them to interact with the cells and tissues that need them. Blood vessels also play a key role in delivering nutrients and other essential molecules to the cells involved in growth and development.
Overall, the pituitary gland and blood vessels work together to coordinate growth in an organism. The pituitary gland produces and releases the hormones that initiate and regulate this process, while blood vessels transport these hormones and other essential molecules throughout the body to ensure that growth occurs in an orderly and coordinated manner.
Explanation:
Carbohydrates _____
In the body are primarily fats
Are primarily sugars and starches
Are the most readily available source of energy for organisms
Are the largest of the four main biological macromolecules
Are primarily sugars and starches
follow me to get more of my answers
I need help with the true false section
On the circulatory system and the lymphatic system:
Gas exchange by diffusion occurs between the lungs and the aorta.Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. FalseSomeone who is type AB blood can receive blood from all people.FalseThe heart regulates its own beating through the nodal system. TrueLymph vessels carry blood back to the heart. TrueThe pressure inside veins is greater than the pressure inside arteries. FalseThe brain requires less oxygen and blood flow than other tissues. FalseThe smooth muscle wall of the arteries is much thicker than that of veins. TrueThe myocardium is the thick cardiac muscle layer that is part of the heart walls. TrueBoth the circulatory system and the lymphatic system travel in a closed, one-way loop. FalseWhat occurs in the circulatory system and the lymphatic system?Although they both play a role in the movement of fluids throughout the body, the lymphatic and circulatory systems serve distinct purposes. The blood vessels, which include arteries, veins, and capillaries, are used to deliver oxygen, nutrition, hormones, and waste items throughout the body.
The heart serves as the body's pump to move blood around. On the other hand, the lymphatic system is responsible for removing extra fluids, waste, and other detritus from the human tissues. In order to help the body fight infections, the lymphatic system transports lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cell, to numerous locations throughout the body.
Find out more on circulatory system here: https://brainly.com/question/946975
#SPJ1
Pikas grow thick fur in winter, and their small bodies conserve heat. Kangaroo rats
do not sweat, and oily fur helps them conserve moisture. They get water from seeds.
Predict what would happen if a pika and a kangaroo rat switched environments.
QUESTION 8 Why transport system in animals is more complicated than plants?
Answer:
The transport system in animals is more complex than in plants due to several reasons:
Specialized Circulatory System: Animals have a well-developed circulatory system, which includes a heart, blood vessels, and blood. This system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other vital substances throughout the body. In contrast, plants primarily rely on passive transport mechanisms, such as diffusion and osmosis, to move water, minerals, and nutrients through their tissues.
Active Movement: Animals can move from one location to another, which requires a more efficient and rapid transport system. They need to distribute oxygen and nutrients to their cells to support energy production and remove waste products like carbon dioxide. The complexity of animal bodies, including tissues, organs, and systems, necessitates a specialized transport system to deliver essential substances to all parts of the organism.
Increased Metabolic Demands: Animals typically have higher metabolic rates compared to plants. This increased metabolic activity generates more waste products that need to be eliminated. Animals also require a continuous supply of oxygen for respiration, which necessitates an efficient transport system to deliver oxygen to their tissues. Additionally, animals need to regulate their body temperature, which requires the distribution of heat throughout the body.
Specialized Organs and Tissues: Animals have specialized organs and tissues that perform specific functions, such as the lungs for gas exchange, the digestive system for nutrient absorption, and the kidneys for waste removal. These organs require a well-developed transport system to supply them with the necessary substances and remove waste products efficiently.
Rapid Response to Environmental Changes: Animals often need to respond quickly to changes in their environment, such as predators, prey, or changing resource availability. A complex transport system allows for rapid circulation of signals, hormones, and nutrients to enable swift responses to external stimuli.
Blood Cell Specialization: Animals have specialized blood cells, such as red blood cells for oxygen transport and white blood cells for immune response. These cells require a circulatory system to transport them to the appropriate sites within the body, where they perform their functions.
Explanation:
When do some cells undergo programmed death? O When they are diseased. O When they are differentiating. O When they are healthy. O When they are dividing.
In chemical reactions, atoms are
Answer:
atoms rearrange and form new bonds to make the products.
Explanation:
In a chemical reaction, reactants contact each other, bonds between atoms in the reactants are broken, and atoms rearrange and form new bonds to make the products.
Answer:
Rearranged
Explanation:
Because during a chemical reaction no atoms are created or destroyed. This means the atoms are rearranged resulting in the formation of a new substance (with diffrent properties to the start substance)