A polymer is disassembled into its component monomers during a hydrolysis process. Water is ingested during this procedure.
In a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water. In this process, water is used to break the chemical bonds between the molecules, resulting in the formation of two or more smaller molecules.A dehydration reaction is the process in which two molecules react together to form a larger molecule, with the release of a water molecule. This process occurs when a base and an acid react together, resulting in the formation of a salt and water.
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using an input of energy from food molecules, the reactions of cellular respiration produce ______.
Using an input of energy from food molecules, the reactions of cellular respiration produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
What is ATP?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It consists of a nucleotide (adenosine) and three phosphate groups, which are connected by high-energy bonds. When one of these bonds is broken, energy is released and can be used by the cell for various processes, including muscle contractions, protein synthesis, and active transport across cell membranes.To know more about ATP, click the link given below:
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What makes green anoles change color?
Color change in green anoles is a reaction to environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. Hormonal changes may also have an impact. It is unknown if lizards have emotions similar to humans.
Anolis carolinensis, sometimes known as the "green anole," is a species of tree-dwelling anole lizard that is endemic to the southeastern United States and has been imported to islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. The green anole is a small to medium-sized ecomorph with a trunk-crown pattern that may change its color from brown to green in a variety of tones.
The American anole, American green anole, North American green anole, and red-throated anole are some of its alternate names.
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Bangkok , Thailand, and Lima, Peru, are located at opposite positions of Earths surface. When a pencil is dropped in both cities, observers would describe the motion of either pencil with a word that means "down. "
In both locations, when a pencil is dropped, onlookers would characterize the motion of either pencil as "down." They are approaching one another.
What is Earth surface?The Earth's surface is still a continuous barrier at the meeting point of the lithosphere and atmosphere, where tectonic and climatic processes interact to shape the world's topography. Rock at the surface is converted to sediment, which is subsequently moved and deposited, mostly from the continents to the oceans.There are four main parts that make up the earth's structure: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. The crust of the Earth is made up of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, which range from mud and clay to diamonds and coal. Igneous rocks, which are created by the cooling of magma, are the most common kind of rocks in the crust. Igneous rocks like granite and basalt are abundant in the crust of the Earth.The complete question is:
Bangkok, Thailand, and Lima, Peru, are located at opposite positions of Earth's surface. When a rock is dropped in both cities, observers would describe the motion of either rock with a word that means "down."
A) They are moving toward each other.
B) They are moving down, which is the same direction in both cities.
C) They are moving away from each other.
B) One rock is moving due east and the other is moving due west.
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What is crossing over? See Concept 13.3 ( page 262)
Hints
1. the movement of genetic material from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome
2. a direct consequence of the separation of sister chromatids
3. also referred to as the "independent assortment of chromosomes"
4. the exchange of homologous portions of nonsister chromatids
5. making an RNA copy of a DNA strand
Option 1 is Correct. Genetic material crosses over when it moves from one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome.
When chromosomes of the same type are paired together during meiosis, a biological event called crossing over takes place. Parts of the chromosome can be exchanged when two chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father, line up. The same genes may be present on the two chromosomes in different versions.
The exchange of genetic material across homologous chromosomes is known as crossing-over. New gene combinations are created on each chromosome as a result. Homologous chromosomes are randomly allocated to daughter cells during cell division during meiosis, whereas distinct chromosomes segregate apart from one another.
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what is gasdermin pore formation ap bio
Water enters the cell as a result of gasdermin pore development, which can result in the infected cell bursting.
This would stop the infection from spreading because the phagocytes would be breaking down the components of the cell as well as other infections. Human cells with large membrane pores created by gasdermin proteins produce immune cytokines and cause lytic cell death. Gasdermin pore production, which is essential for defence against pathogens and cancer, is brought on by caspase-mediated cleavage during inflammasome signalling. The release of several proinflammatory cytokines as well as water input and cell enlargement are caused by the gasdermin pores' disruption of the equilibrium of the cell membrane.
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what mostly multicellular, absorbs nutrients extracellularly?
Extracellular digestion is found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens, chordates, and vertebrates.
Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that feed in a heterotrophic manner. They primarily function as decomposers or parasites. Fungi extracellular digestion: Extracellular digestion is the breakdown of food molecules outside of the cell, either with enzymes or mechanically.
Food enters the gastrovascular cavity through the mouth and is digested intracellularly, or within the cytoplasm of the cells lining this cavity. Extracellular digestion is used by humans, as well as other organisms with complex digestive systems.
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What factor determines the trait that a given gene will express?
Answer:
Gene expression is determined by the interaction between the gene and its environment.
Answer:
The trait that a given gene will express is determined by a combination of factors, including the specific sequence of the gene, the environment in which the gene is expressed, and the interaction of the gene with other genes and proteins.
The specific sequence of the gene, or the DNA code that makes up the gene, provides the instructions for making a specific protein or RNA molecule. This sequence determines the structure and function of the protein or RNA that the gene codes for, which in turn determines the trait that the gene expresses.
However, the environment in which the gene is expressed can also play a significant role in determining which traits are expressed. For example, environmental factors such as temperature, light, and nutrient availability can influence the expression of genes in plants and animals.
what is contained within the epidural space in the vertebral column?
The occipital, sigmoid, and basilar sinuses in the skull's superior region are connected to the massive internal vertebral venous plexus, which includes the epidural veins.
The epidural space houses blood arteries, connective tissue, spinal nerves, fat, and the dural sac. Lymphatics, veins, and fat can all be found in the epidural area.
The region containing fat and tiny blood vessels known as the epidural space is located between the dura mater (a membrane) and the spinal wall. The area is just next to the dural sac, which encloses the nerve roots and is stuffed with cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphatic and connective tissue, fat, veins, and arteries make up the epidural space.
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How many genetically distinct "generations" are found in a mature angiosperm seed?A) 3B) 4C) 2D) 5
The correct option is (B) 4. In a mature angiosperm seed, there are two genetically distinct "generations" - the sporophyte generation and the gametophyte generation.
The sporophyte generation produces the spores that give rise to the gametophyte generation through meiosis. The gametophyte generation then produces the gametes (sperm and egg cells) through mitosis. When fertilization occurs, the sperm and egg cells combine to form a zygote, which develops into the sporophyte generation.
The sporophyte generation is the dominant phase of the life cycle, and we commonly recognize it as the mature plant. It produces flowers, which contain reproductive structures. Within the flowers, the sporophyte generation produces haploid spores through meiosis, which are then released and can develop into the gametophyte generation.
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what ligament maintains the stomach in the normal anatomical position
The main ligament that maintains the stomach in the normal anatomical position is the gastrohepatic ligament.
This ligament, which also houses the common bile duct, connects the liver to the stomach's smaller curvature.
The lesser omentum, a double-layered membrane made of peritoneal tissue that encases the abdominal organs, has the gastrohepatic ligament in the upper section.
The gastrohepatic ligament aids in keeping the stomach in place and keeps it from shifting.
Moreover, it aids in supporting the stomach and prevents it from stretching or twisting. The ligament also assists in preventing any harm or trauma to the upper abdomen's organs. This is so that the stomach and other organs are separated by the gastrohepatic ligament.
The ligament also plays a crucial role in controlling the flow of digestive fluids, which aid in the breakdown of food. The gastrohepatic ligament is essential for the stomach's correct operation.
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what specific membrane structures serve to build gradients?
A proton pump is a membrane protein that transports protons (H+) across a membrane and thus contributes to the formation of a build gradient.
Active transport is the process by which sodium concentration gradients can be created across the plasma membrane. Protein pumps move molecules from low to high concentrations against concentration gradients during active transport. Ion pump enzymes transport ionic solutes such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen ions, and calcium across biological membranes, generating and maintaining concentration gradients. Because a gradient requires energy to produce, it is a type of stored energy.
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the main reason a person weighs less at the equator than at the poles involves the
The force of gravity is less at the equator than at the poles because the equator is farther from the earth's center than the poles are. As a result, an object's weight is lower at the equator than at the poles.
What is the primary cause of a person's lower weight at the equator compared to the poles?The spinning's "centrifugal force" causes your body weight to fall by 0.4% at the equator in comparison to its weight at the poles. At the equator, you are approximately 21 kilometers away from the Earth's center of gravity and weigh approximately 0.1% less because of the planet's bulging as a result of the planet's spin.
What does the difference in your weight between the equator and poles tell us about Earth's shape?Because it is an oblate spheroid, the distance between the equator and core is shorter than between the poles and the equator.
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True or false?cells can regulate their internal osmotic pressure by controlling the solute concentration inside of the cell.
Answer:
True.........................
which bodily system does not exchange material with its environment
The only physiological system that does not exchange information with its surroundings is the nervous system.
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up the nervous system, which has as its primary duty the control and coordination of bodily processes and responses to both internal and external stimuli. The nervous system does not interchange substances with the environment, such as gases, nutrients, and waste products, like other physiological systems do. Instead, it uses sensory receptors to take in information from the environment, process it, and then transmit signals to the rest of the body to start the proper reactions. To maintain homeostasis and keep the body operating normally, the human body has a number of systems that cooperate. The following are some of the major bodily systems: The circulatory system is in charge of for moving waste materials, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body. It consists of the blood, blood vessels, and the heart. The respiratory system is in charge of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. It includes the bronchial tubes, trachea, and lungs. The digestive system is in charge of nutrient absorption and food breakdown. The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the rectum, and the anus are all included. The nervous system is in charge of directing and coordinating how the body responds to both internal and exterior stimuli. It consists of the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. The endocrine system is in charge of manufacturing and secreting hormones that control a number of body processes. It consists of the gonads, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands.
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The only physiological system that does not exchange information with its surroundings is the nervous system.
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up the nervous system, which has as its primary duty the control and coordination of bodily processes and responses to both internal and external stimuli. The nervous system does not interchange substances with the environment, such as gases, nutrients, and waste products, like other physiological systems do. Instead, it uses sensory receptors to take in information from the environment, process it, and then transmit signals to the rest of the body to start the proper reactions. To maintain homeostasis and keep the body operating normally, the human body has a number of systems that cooperate. The following are some of the major bodily systems: The circulatory system is in charge of for moving waste materials, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body. It consists of the blood, blood vessels, and the heart. The respiratory system is in charge of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. It includes the bronchial tubes, trachea, and lungs. The digestive system is in charge of nutrient absorption and food breakdown. The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the rectum, and the anus are all included. The nervous system is in charge of directing and coordinating how the body responds to both internal and exterior stimuli. It consists of the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. The endocrine system is in charge of manufacturing and secreting hormones that control a number of body processes. It consists of the gonads, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands.
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what would happen to the membrane potential of a neuron if it were only permeable to potassium and you reduced the [K+] outside?
If a neuron were only permeable to potassium and you reduced the concentration of extracellular potassium ([K+]o), the membrane potential of the neuron would become more negative, a process known as hyperpolarization.
This happens because the equilibrium potential of potassium (EK) is more negative than the resting membrane potential of the neuron. In a resting neuron, the concentration of potassium is higher inside the cell than outside, creating an electrochemical gradient that favors the movement of potassium ions out of the cell.
This movement is opposed by the electrical gradient, which favors the movement of positively charged ions (such as potassium) into the cell, since the inside of the neuron is more negative than the outside.
The balance between these two opposing forces determines the resting membrane potential. When the extracellular concentration of potassium is reduced, the electrochemical gradient that favors the movement of potassium out of the cell becomes weaker.
As a result, more potassium ions will move out of the cell, making the inside more negative, and the membrane potential will become more hyperpolarized, moving further away from the threshold potential required for generating an action potential.
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True/False? nutrient the body uses to build and maintain cells and tissues and provide energy; may also act as hormones or enzymes.
True, protein is the nutrient the body uses to build and maintain cells and tissues and provide energy; may also act as hormones or enzymes.
In general , Protein is considered as an important building block in the body as it plays role for supplying amino acids that makes important components to create and repair cells, tissues, hormones, enzymes, red blood cells, and antibodies. They are also responsible for maintain fluid balance and transport substances throughout the body.
Hence, Proteins is the important nutrients your body that build, repair, and maintain cells and tissue. Also , Amino Acids is considered as the small units that make up protein. So it is important to make protein post-workout to restore these muscle-building macronutrients. on the other hand Glucose, or blood sugar, are the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs.
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Place the following actions with the correct phase of pulmonary ventilation.
Diaphragm moves inferiorly
Ribs move up and out
External intercostals contract
Thorax increases in volume
Diaphragm moves superiorly
Ribs move down and in
Internal intercostals contract
Decreases in width of thorax
Diaphragm moves inferiorly. Ribs move up and out. External intercostals contracts. The act of breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, is the flow of air into and out of the lungs.
The external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are the two primary muscle groups involved in proper inspiration. If a deeper breath is necessary, more muscles can be engaged. When the diaphragm contracts, it travels inferiorly towards the abdominal cavity, expanding the thoracic cavity and providing more room for the lungs. The rib cage expands as a result of the external intercostal muscles contracting, increasing the capacity of the thoracic cavity. The pleural fluid's adhesive power causes the lungs to extend and expand in response to the thoracic cavity's expansion.
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compare the process of cellular respiration
The equation of cellular respiration is; C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.
What is cellular respiration?Cellular respiration is the process by which cells in the body break down organic molecules, such as glucose, to release energy that can be used by the cell to perform various functions.
The process takes place in organelles called mitochondria and involves a series of metabolic reactions that convert glucose and other organic molecules into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of the cell.
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What is an energy pyramid simple definition?
An energy pyramid, also known as a trophic or ecological pyramid, is a graphical representation of the energy contained within an ecosystem's trophic layers. The producers are at the lowest and largest level of the pyramid, and they contain the most energy.
An ecological pyramid (also known as a trophic pyramid, Eltonian pyramid, energy pyramid, or food pyramid) is a graphical representation of the biomass or bioproductivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem.
A biomass pyramid displays how much biomass (the quantity of living or organic matter contained in an organism) is present in the organisms, whereas an energy pyramid shows how much energy is kept in the form of new biomass at each trophic level. A number pyramid represents the number of individual organisms at each trophic level. Energy pyramids are typically upright, however other pyramids might be inverted or shaped differently.
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how many vertebrae within the vertebral (spinal) column can move independently?
Only the top 24 vertebrae which are present in the vertebral or the spinal column are able to move.
The vertebral column or the spinal column basically encloses the spinal cord as well as the fluid surrounds and also protects the spinal cord. It is also commonly called as the backbone, the spinal column, or as the spine.
Vertebrae is basically made up of 33 individual bones which get interlocked with each other in order to form the spinal column. The vertebrae are basically numbered as well as divided into regions which are the cervical, lumbar, sacrum, thoracic, as well as the coccyx. The top 24 bones of the vertebral column are moveable while the rest of them are fused.
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which of the 4 types of viruses is most likely to use double stranded rna as its genetic material
Type B or virus B (Reoviridiae family viruses) is the type of virus that most likely uses dsRNA as its genetic material.
Reoviridiae is a type of family of viruses that has icosahedral symmetry and is about 60-80 nm in size. This kind of virus has a double capsid shell to protect its genetic material. The genetic material of this virus is segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). They are nonenveloped viruses that are extremely stable under heat and pH of between 3-9. The term "reo" is expanded as a respiratory enteric orphan virus.
These viruses are considered virus B. One of the notable viruses belonging to this family is Rotavirus which contains about 11 segments of dsRNA as its genetic material.
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salivary glands in the mouth secrete the enzyme, which works to hydrollyze
The process of breaking down food begins in the mouth, where the salivary gland secretes an enzyme called salivary amylase that hydrolyzes starch into maltose.
Pancreatic amylase, however, is the only enzyme that can completely break down starch, and it only does so in the small intestine. Saliva has unique enzymes that aid in the digestion of the carbs in your diet. Starches, which are complex carbs, are broken down by an enzyme called amylase into sugars, which your body can absorb more readily.
Furthermore, lingual lipase, an enzyme that breaks down fats, is present in saliva. An enzyme termed ptyalin, also known as salivary amylase, is produced by the acinar cells and is involved in the digestive process by starting the hydrolysis of dietary starch.
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Correct Question:
Salivary glands in the mouth secrete the enzyme, what type of works hydrollyze do .
Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.True False
The given statement that the lymph capillaries, digested lipids are taken up from the intestine is true.
After digestion, fats are broken down into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are absorbed into the intestinal cells, where they are reassembled into triglycerides. The triglycerides are then packaged into structures called chylomicrons and transported into the lymphatic system through specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals. These chylomicrons eventually enter the bloodstream via the thoracic duct, where they can be used for energy or stored in adipose tissue. Therefore, it is true that digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.
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g which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure? which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure? blood borne nutrients albumin gamma globulin electrolytes
Because it keeps water inside blood vessels and pulls water from tissues through blood vessel walls and into the bloodstream, albumin is also the major contributor to blood's osmotic pressure.
What aspect of blood influences plasma osmotic pressure?Since albumin proteins transport water from nearby tissues from across blood vessel and into the bloodstream, they help maintain the water content of the plasma and hence help to maintain the plasma osmotic pressure.
Does plasma retain osmotic pressure?Colloid osmotic pressure (COP), also known as the osmotic pressure imposed by large molecules, keeps water inside the circulatory space. Usually, it is created by plasma proteins like albumin, which take a while to pass capillary membranes.
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Overfishing can affect the natural variation of a population by
Causing adaptive evolution
Removing individuals with favorable traits
Creating new species over time
Increasing evolutionary mechanisms
Answer:
Removing individuals with favorable traits
Explanation:
scientific journals which focus almost exclusively on sports nutrition include the
Scientific journals which focus almost exclusively on sports nutrition include the International Journal of Exercise Metabolism and Sports Nutrition.
These journals are devoted to the research and dissemination of topics that focus on the role of nutrition in sport and exercise performance, and the physiological and metabolic changes that occur during exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, and Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism .They publish articles on topics such as the impact of diet on muscle growth and recovery, the effects of specific nutrients on sports performance, and the importance of hydration. The journals also provide nutrition-related resources and information for athletes, coaches, and other practitioners who work with athletes.
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A centrifuged sample of blood shows the following volume fractions: 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percent of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets? O 46% O 539 1% O 47%
The centrifuged sample of blood has a volume fraction of 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes.
Leukocytes and platelets are found in the buffy coat layer, so the percent of blood composed of these components is:
Leukocytes + Platelets = Buffy Coat
Leukocytes + Platelets = 1%
Therefore, the percent of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets is 1%.
When a sample of blood is centrifuged, it separates into its different components based on their densities. The heaviest component, which is the erythrocytes or red blood cells, settles at the bottom of the tube. The lightest component, which is the plasma or the liquid part of the blood, rises to the top. In between these two layers is a thin layer called the buffy coat, which is composed of leukocytes or white blood cells and platelets.In the given scenario, the centrifuged sample of blood has a volume fraction of 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. This means that for every 100 units of blood, 53 units are plasma, 1 unit is buffy coat, and 46 units are erythrocytes.Since leukocytes and platelets are found in the buffy coat layer, their combined percentage in the sample is equal to the percentage of the buffy coat, which is 1%. Therefore, the answer is 1%.
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which vertebrae type is characterized by a transverse foramina and bifid spinous process?
The vertebrae type that is characterized by a transverse foramina and bifid spinous process is the cervical vertebrae.
The cervical vertebrae are a group of seven vertebrae located in the neck region of the spine. They are numbered C1 to C7, with C1 being the first cervical vertebra and C7 being the last.One of the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae is the presence of transverse foramina. These are small holes in the transverse processes, which are the bony projections that extend from each side of the vertebrae. The transverse foramina provide a passage for the vertebral artery and vein, which supply blood to and from the brain.Another distinguishing feature of the cervical vertebrae is the presence of a bifid spinous process. The spinous process is the bony projection that extends posteriorly from the back of the vertebra. In the cervical vertebrae, the spinous process is divided into two branches, giving it a forked appearance.These features make the cervical vertebrae unique and distinguish them from the other types of vertebrae, such as the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, which do not have transverse foramina or bifid spinous processes.
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which drawing would best complete this student model of the oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?
The oxidation of glucose produces energy in cellular respiration.
How is glucose oxidized in cellular respiration?The question is incomplete as the images of the model are missing hence I will deal with the oxidation of glucose in general.
Glucose is a primary source of energy for most living organisms and is oxidized through cellular respiration to generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell. The process of glucose oxidation involves several steps, which can be broadly divided into three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
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FIL IN THE BLANK. single bonds on fatty acid tails indicate a _______________ fat.
Single bonds on fatty acid tails indicate a saturated fat.