The self-sufficiency approach to development differs from the international trade approach in several ways.
While the international trade approach advocates for countries to specialize in the production of goods that they have a comparative advantage in and trade with other countries to obtain goods they cannot produce efficiently, the self-sufficiency approach encourages countries to produce everything they need domestically, regardless of whether they have a comparative advantage or not. This approach seeks to protect domestic industries, reduce reliance on foreign imports, and promote economic independence.
The self-sufficiency approach is often associated with import substitution industrialization, where countries invest heavily in domestic industries and erect trade barriers to protect them from foreign competition. However, this approach has been criticized for being inefficient and promoting the production of goods that are not globally competitive. Additionally, it can lead to higher costs for consumers, lower quality goods, and less innovation.
In contrast to the international trade approach, the self-sufficiency approach places a higher value on domestic production and economic independence, even if it comes at the expense of global competitiveness and efficiency.
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US oil supply is given by P = 29+8Q, where P and Q are oil price and oil quantity (in barrel) supplied. How much Producer Surplus increases if the oil price per barrel in the world market increases from $65 to $89?
To find the increase in Producer Surplus, we first need to find the quantity of oil supplied at both prices.
At $65 per barrel, we have:
P = 29 + 8Q
65 = 29 + 8Q
8Q = 36
Q = 4.5 billion barrels
At $89 per barrel, we have:
P = 29 + 8Q
89 = 29 + 8Q
8Q = 60
Q = 7.5 billion barrels
Next, we need to find the Producer Surplus at each price. Producer Surplus is the difference between the price the producer receives and the minimum price they are willing to accept. The minimum price they are willing to accept is the marginal cost of production, which in this case is $29 per barrel.
At $65 per barrel, Producer Surplus = (65 - 29) x 4.5 billion = $162 billion
At $89 per barrel, Producer Surplus = (89 - 29) x 7.5 billion = $450 billion
The increase in Producer Surplus is the difference between the two:
$450 billion - $162 billion = $288 billion
Therefore, if the oil price per barrel in the world market increases from $65 to $89, Producer Surplus increases by $288 billion.
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27. During financial statement audits, auditors seek to restrict which type of risk? A. Control risk. B. Detection risk. C. Inherent risk. D. Account risk.
During financial statement audits, auditors seek to restrict "detection risk" (option b).
Detection risk is the risk that the auditor will not detect material misstatements in the financial statements, despite having performed appropriate audit procedures.
Auditors seek to minimize detection risk by designing and performing audit procedures that are appropriate for the audit objectives, using professional skepticism, and obtaining sufficient and appropriate audit evidence. They also assess inherent risk, which is the risk of material misstatement before considering the effectiveness of internal controls, and control risk, which is the risk that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected by the entity's internal controls.
By assessing and addressing inherent risk and control risk, auditors can better understand the level of detection risk they are willing to accept and design appropriate audit procedures to reduce that risk to an acceptable level.
Option b is answer.
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a firm operating in an oligopolistic market has ________ market power compared to a ________.
A firm operating in an oligopolistic market has significant market power compared to a firm operating in a perfectly competitive market.
In an oligopolistic market, there are only a few dominant firms that control the market, and they have the ability to influence prices and control supply.
This is because they have a significant market share and their actions can affect the behavior of other firms in the market.
In contrast, in a perfectly competitive market, no single firm has the ability to influence prices or control supply, as there are many small firms competing against each other. Thus, the level of market power of a firm depends on the market structure in which it operates.
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a(n) is a major element of the prison society, as items that some inmates want or need are not available elsewhere. group of answer choices secretive economy private market underground economy exchange economy
A exchange economy is a major element of the prison society, as items that some inmates want or need are not available elsewhere income account economy. The correct answer is d. exchange economy.
GDP in this context refers to gross domestic product. Unreported economic activity, or the underground economy, is not included in the national income statements.
It is the market for products and services that are not publicly traded because of regulations, taxes, or other issues. It is not regulated, taxed, or legal. Economists contend that making all unlawful activity legal expands the size of the shadow economy. When criminal activities are made legal, the GDP rises and the underground economy shrinks. This is due to the fact that while measuring GDP, lawful transactions are taken into account. Legalising unlawful activities aids in more effective market control and taxation.
Complete question:
a(n)_______ is a major element of the prison society, as items that some inmates want or need are not available elsewhere. group of answer choices
a. secretive economy
b. private market
c. underground economy
d. exchange economy
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how does consumer surplus change as the equilibrium price of a good rises or falls? as the price of a good rises, consumer surplus (1) and as the price of a good falls, consumer surplus (2).
Consumer surplus decreases as the price of a good rises and increases as the price of a good falls.
(1) As the price of a good rises, consumer surplus decreases. Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a good and the price they actually pay. As the price of the good increases, the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for the good remains the same, but the actual price paid by the consumer increases. This means that the consumer surplus, which is the difference between the maximum price and the actual price, decreases.
(2) Conversely, as the price of a good falls, consumer surplus increases. When the price of a good falls, the consumer is able to purchase the good at a lower price than the maximum price they are willing to pay. This means that the consumer surplus, which is the difference between the maximum price and the actual price, increases.
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inan essay form, discuss the reasons why chinese restaurants aredistributed the way they are in the oldest chinatown in NorthAmerica. give many reasons as possible.
Chinese restaurants in the oldest Chinatown in North America are distributed in a unique way for a variety of reasons. Firstly, Chinatown was established in the late 1800s by Chinese immigrants who came to North America in search of work opportunities. They settled in this area and started small businesses such as restaurants to support their families.
One of the reasons why Chinese restaurants are distributed the way they are in Chinatown is due to cultural influence. Chinese cuisine is known for its distinctive flavor, use of fresh ingredients, and unique cooking techniques. These restaurants attract both locals and tourists who are curious about trying authentic Chinese food. Therefore, it is common for Chinese restaurants to cluster in areas where there is a high demand for their cuisine.
Another reason why Chinese restaurants are distributed in a specific way in Chinatown is due to the community's tight-knit nature. The Chinese community values family, social connections, and communal gatherings. As a result, many Chinese restaurants are family-owned and operated, and often they are passed down from generation to generation. This creates a sense of community and pride, which motivates Chinese restaurant owners to stay in the area and keep their establishments open.
The location of Chinese restaurants in Chinatown is also influenced by economic factors. Restaurants need a steady stream of customers to stay in business, and Chinatown provides a captive audience. Chinatown is a popular tourist destination, and visitors often come to experience the unique culture and food of the area. Therefore, Chinese restaurants are strategically located in areas with high foot traffic to ensure maximum exposure to potential customers.
In conclusion, Chinese restaurants in the oldest Chinatown in North America are distributed in a unique way due to a combination of cultural, community, and economic factors. The clustering of Chinese restaurants provides a sense of community and cultural pride, attracts customers looking for authentic Chinese cuisine, and benefits from the steady flow of tourists to the area.
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When a company has a product that is considered a dog according to the BCG matrix, the company would be wise to _______.
When a company has a product that is considered a dog according to the BCG matrix, the company would be wise to either divest or discontinue the product.
Example of low market shareA dog product is one that has low market share and low growth potential. These products often do not generate enough revenue to cover their costs, and investing in them can be a drain on the company's resources.
By divesting or discontinuing the product, the company can free up resources to invest in products with higher potential for growth and profitability.
Additionally, the company can use the insights gained from the analysis to develop a strategy for improving or repositioning the product, or to consider other options such as mergers or acquisitions.
Ultimately, the decision will depend on the specific circumstances and the company's overall goals and objectives.
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was largely a response to:
a series of corporate scandals involving Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, Tyco and numerous
others.
a dramatic rise in the US trade deficit.
charges of excessive compensation to top corporate executives.
rising complaints by investors and security analysts over the financial accounting for stock options.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was largely a response to a series of high-profile corporate scandals involving companies such as Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, and Tyco, among others.
The purpose of SOX was to restore public trust in financial reporting and corporate governance by implementing more rigorous accounting and reporting requirements for publicly traded companies, as well as increasing the accountability and transparency of corporate executives and board members. The law established new requirements for corporate responsibility, financial disclosure, and internal controls, and created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to oversee the auditing profession.
Overall, SOX aimed to prevent the types of corporate scandals that had led to the loss of investor confidence and financial instability, and to promote greater accountability and transparency in the financial reporting and governance of publicly traded companies.
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Which inventory costing method results in the lowest net income during a period of rising inventory costs?a. Average-costb. Specific-unit-costc. First-in, first-out (FIFO)d. Last-in, first-out (LIFO)
The inventory costing method that results in the lowest net income during a period of rising inventory costs is the Last-in, first-out (LIFO) method.
What's LIFO methodLIFO assumes that the most recently acquired items are sold first, meaning that the cost of goods sold (COGS) will include the higher-priced items purchased more recently. This leads to higher COGS and, consequently, lower net income.
In contrast, First-in, first-out (FIFO) assumes that the oldest items in inventory are sold first, resulting in lower COGS and higher net income.
Average-cost and specific-unit-cost methods may yield different net income results, depending on the actual costs and timing of inventory purchases
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in the original austin powers, dr. evil is cryogenically frozen for thirty years (from the late 1960s to the late 1990s). upon his return he hatches a plan to extort one million dollars from various world governments. his henchmen are unimpressed. what type(s) of inflation have made dr. evil's proposed blackmail amount seem too small?
In the original Austin Powers movie, Dr. Evil's proposed blackmail amount of one million dollars seems too small due to the effects of inflation over the thirty years he was cryogenically frozen. The types of inflation responsible for this are mainly consumer price inflation and currency inflation.
These have caused the value of money to decrease, making one million dollars less significant to the world governments in the late 1990s compared to the late 1960s. From the late 1960s to the late 1990s, there has been significant inflation globally due to several factors such as economic growth, increased government spending, and changes in monetary policies. This means that the value of money has decreased over time, making one million dollars worth significantly less in the late 1990s than it would have been in the late 1960s.
Additionally, inflation varies across different countries, so the purchasing power of one million dollars would be even less in some countries than in others. Therefore, Dr. Evil's proposed blackmail amount of one million dollars would seem too small due to the effects of inflation over the thirty-year period he was cryogenically frozen.
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1. Who has a better incentive to work long hours in a laboratory researching new cures for diseases: a scientist who earns a percentage of the profits from any new medicine she might invent, or a scientist who will get a handshake and a thank you note from her boss if she invents a new medicine? 2. In the discussion of Big Idea Five, we identified that, "self-sufficiency is death" because most of us would not be able to produce for ourselves the food and shelter that we need to survive. In addition to death, however, one could also say that self-sufficiency is boredom or ignorance. How does specialization and trade help you to avoid boredom and ignorance? 3. Use the idea of the "division of knowledge to answer the following questions: a. Which country has more knowledge: Utopia, where in the words of Karl Marx, each person knows just enough about hunting, fishing, and cattle raising to "hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, (and) rear cattle in the evening," or Drudgia, where one- third of the population learns only about hunting, one-third only about fishing, and one- third only about cattle raising? b. Which planet has more knowledge: Xeroxia, each of whose 1 million inhabitants knows the same list of 1 million facts, or Differentia, whose 1 million inhabitants each know a different set of 1 million facts? How many facts are known in Xeroxia? How many facts are known in Differentia?
The scientist who earns a percentage of the profits from any new medicine she might invent has a better incentive to work long hours in a laboratory researching new cures for diseases. This is because the potential financial reward provides a strong motivation for her to work hard and develop successful new medicines.
In contrast, the scientist who will only receive a handshake and a thank you note from her boss if she invents a new medicine has less of an incentive to work long hours, as the potential reward is much lower Specialization and trade help to avoid boredom and ignorance by allowing individuals to focus on developing their skills and knowledge in a specific area. By doing so, they can become experts in their field and contribute to society in a unique and meaningful way. Through trade, individuals can exchange their specialized goods and services with others, thereby benefiting from the knowledge and skills of others and avoiding the limitations of self-sufficiency. 3a. Drudgia has more knowledge because each individual has specialized in a specific area (hunting, fishing, or cattle raising), which allows them to develop expertise and knowledge in that area. In contrast, in Utopia, individuals only have a basic understanding of each activity and do not have the opportunity to specialize and develop expertise. 3b. Differentia has more knowledge than Xeroxia because each individual has specialized in a different set of facts, which allows for a greater range of knowledge and expertise. In Xeroxia, each individual knows the same set of facts, which limits the scope and diversity of knowledge. It is not possible to determine the exact number of facts known in Xeroxia or Differentia, as this information is not provided in the question.
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Brands that are found completely unworthy of further consideration are members of the _____. A. evoked set. B. inept set. C. excluded set. D. inert set
Brands that are found completely unworthy of further consideration are members of the inept set.
The inept set consists of brands that are not considered at all due to a negative experience, lack of relevance, or inadequate knowledge. These brands are completely unworthy of further consideration and are not included in the consumer's decision-making process.
A product or service is included in the "evoked set" if the consumer has a favorable opinion of it. A product that has received a poor review is regarded as belonging to the "inept set". The "inert set" refers to products for which the consumer has not provided an evaluation.
The brands that consumers think about while considering a purchase fall under the umbrella of the "evoked set." Brands in the inept set are those that consumers rule out when making a buying decision because they appear to be subpar.
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Ann and Bruce each own a pizza store in Frostbite Falls, Minnesota. Demand for pizza is given by Q = 200 - 10P. Having the only two pizza stores in Frostbite Falls, they attempt to profitably split the market without violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Each has the cost function C = 50 + 2Q. If Ann and Bruce behave as duopolists, how much profit do each of them earn?
Both firms earn a negative profit of -$468.75, meaning they are both making losses. This outcome is not uncommon in a Cournot duopoly, where firms may not be able to capture enough market power to earn positive profits.
To find the profit of Ann and Bruce, we first need to find their individual output levels and price levels using the Cournot duopoly model.
The first step is to find the market demand function by adding the quantities demanded from Ann and Bruce:
Q = Qa + Qb = (200 - 10Pa) + (200 - 10Pb)
Simplifying, we get:
Q = 400 - 10Pa - 10Pb
Next, we can find each firm's reaction function by solving for their best response given the other firm's output level. The profit-maximizing output level for Ann (Qa) can be found by maximizing her profit function:
πa = (Pa - 50)Qa = (Pa - 50)(200 - 10Pa - 10Pb)
Taking the derivative with respect to Qa and setting it equal to zero to find the maximum, we get:
Pa - 50 - 20Qa - 10Pb = 0
Solving for Qa, we get:
Qa = (Pa - 50 - 10Pb)/20
Similarly, we can find Bruce's reaction function:
Qb = (Pb - 50 - 10Pa)/20
To find the equilibrium output levels and prices, we can substitute each firm's reaction function into the market demand function and solve for the values that make both firms' output levels consistent with each other. This gives us a system of equations:
Q = Qa + Qb = (Pa - 50 - 10Pb)/20 + (Pb - 50 - 10Pa)/20
Q = 400 - 10Pa - 10Pb
Solving for Pa and Pb, we get:
Pa = $12.50
Pb = $12.50
Qa = Qb = 12.5 pizzas
Q = 25 pizzas
Now we can find the profits of Ann and Bruce by plugging in their output levels and prices into their profit function:
πa = (12.5 - 50)(12.5) = -$468.75
πb = (12.5 - 50)(12.5) = -$468.75
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malcolm is the manager of his department. after performance evaluations, he gives those who have met their goals for the year a pay raise. he gives his employees their assignments and leaves them to do their work but does monitor them so that if he notices a potential problem, it gets resolved before causing difficulties. what contemporary leadership style is malcolm demonstrating? question 10 options: servant leadership transformational leadership transactional leadership laissez-faire leadership
Malcolm is demonstrating a transactional leadership style. This leadership style focuses on setting clear goals, providing rewards for meeting those goals, and monitoring performance to address potential problems.
This style involves setting clear goals and expectations for employees, monitoring their progress, and rewarding or disciplining them based on their performance. Malcolm's performance evaluations and pay raises are examples of transactional leadership techniques.
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What is the conceptualization of a problem in an attempt to place it in a definable category, possibly leading to a standard solution approach?
a. Problem classification
b. Problem decomposition
c. Problem ownership
d. Problem design
The answer is a. Problem classification. Problem classification involves breaking down a problem into smaller components and categorizing it in order to develop a standard solution approach.
This helps in identifying the root cause of the problem and finding the appropriate method to solve it.
The conceptualization of a problem in an attempt to place it in a definable category, possibly leading to a standard solution approach, is known as: Problem classification.
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QUESTION 4 According to a technical analyst, if short interest increases in the market, the market trend is: O Stable Bearish O Bullish Volatile
According to a technical analyst, if short interest increases in the market, the market trend is bearish.
Short interest refers to the number of shares of a particular stock that have been sold short by investors. Selling short involves borrowing shares of a stock from a broker and selling them in the market, with the hope of buying them back later at a lower price to make a profit. Short interest is measured as a percentage of the total outstanding shares of a company and is a commonly used metric to gauge investor sentiment for a particular stock. This is because short interest represents the number of investors who are betting against the market, and an increase in short interest indicates that more investors are expecting the market to decline in value. This can lead to selling pressure and a downward trend in the market.
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q3. if f increases, then the fed can keep output constant by reducing the real interest rate by the same amount as the increase in financial frictions. is this statement true, false, or uncertain? explain your answer.
The statement is true. When f (financial frictions) increases, it reduces the output level of the economy.
The statement is true. When f (financial frictions) increases, it reduces the output level of the economy. However, the Fed can keep the output constant by reducing the real interest rate by the same amount as the increase in financial frictions. This is because a reduction in the real interest rate reduces the cost of borrowing, encourages investment, and boosts aggregate demand, which helps to offset the negative effect of financial frictions on output. Therefore, the Fed can use monetary policy tools to stabilize the economy and achieve its output and employment goals.
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If you go to the bank and notice that a dollar buys more Japanese yen than it used to, then the dollar has
If you go to the bank and see that a dollar can buy more Japanese yen than it previously could, then the dollar has appreciated against the yen. This means that the value of the dollar has increased in relation to the yen, making it stronger.
What's currency appreciationAppreciation of a currency can occur due to various reasons such as high demand for the currency, a strong economy, or high interest rates. It can also happen due to a decrease in the supply of the currency or a decrease in inflation rates.
When a currency appreciates, it makes imports cheaper and exports more expensive, which can impact international trade. However, a strong currency can also attract foreign investments and boost the domestic economy.
Overall, currency appreciation can have both positive and negative effects, depending on the circumstances.
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As a rule, time pressure is negatively related to creativity.
True or False?
The statement, "As a rule, "time-pressure" is negatively related to creativity." is False because time pressure is not completely related to creativity.
The "Time-Pressure" can sometimes limit creativity by reducing the opportunity to generate new and innovative-ideas, it can also motivate individuals to think more creatively and efficiently.
Research suggests that moderate levels of time pressure can enhance creativity by increasing motivation and focus, while high levels of time pressure can lead to stress and reduce creative performance.
Some individuals may perform better under time pressure, while others may struggle.
Therefore, It is not always true that time pressure negatively affects creativity, as it depends on various factors such as individual differences, task characteristics, and the type of creative problem-solving involved.
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Who holds responsibility for ensuring that the results of a peer review are implemented?
a. The reviewed team
b. Higher management
c. The reviewing team
d. Immediate Line Management
The responsibility for ensuring that the results of a peer review are implemented on "the reviewed team". The correct option is A.
The peer review is used to provide feedback on the quality of work performed by a team and help to identify areas for improvement.
The reviewed team can help in improving the best input that the product team will give and encourage them to improving by learning the mistake and quality of the work. So, the responsibility for ensuring that the results of a peer review are implemented is essential for the best product for the company.
Therefore, the correct option is A, which is the reviewed team.
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if they maximize their profits, what will their revenue equal? group of answer choices $16,000 $56,000 $32,000 $54,000
To determine the revenue when a company maximizes its profits, we need to understand the concept of marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC). When a company maximizes its profits, it means that it is producing at the point where MR equals MC. At this point, the revenue earned will be equal to the total cost incurred.
In the absence of any other information, it is difficult to determine the exact revenue when a company maximizes its profits. However, we can eliminate two of the answer choices based on the principle of marginal revenue and marginal cost.
If the MR is less than MC, the company is not maximizing its profits. If the MR is greater than MC, the company can still increase its profits by producing more.
Based on this principle, we can eliminate the options of $16,000 and $32,000. This leaves us with two options: $54,000 and $56,000. Without additional information, it is difficult to determine which of these two options is correct.
However, we can say that the revenue will be somewhere between these two values if the company is maximizing its profits.
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The Kiyotaki-Wright model has multiple equilibria. Are we able to determine which equilibrium that individuals would prefer? If so, describe which equilibrium is the best and which equilibrium is the worst from a welfare perspective And explain your reason- ing. If we are not able to determine which equilibrium is the best, explain why.
In the Kiyotaki-Wright model it is difficult to determine which equilibrium individuals would prefer due to random matching process.
The Kiyotaki-Wright model is a macroeconomic model that allows for multiple equilibria. In this model, there are two equilibria: a low investment equilibrium and a high investment equilibrium. In the Kiyotaki-Wright model, it is difficult to determine which equilibrium individuals would prefer. The reason for this is that the model is based on a random matching process and the presence of multiple equilibria, which leads to uncertainty about which equilibrium will be realized.
From a welfare perspective, the best equilibrium is the one that maximizes the total value of transactions, leading to the highest level of economic efficiency. This would be achieved when a more efficient medium of exchange (i.e., an asset with lower storage costs and higher acceptability) is used as money, facilitating trade among individuals.
On the other hand, the worst equilibrium is the one that minimizes the total value of transactions, leading to a lower level of economic efficiency. This would occur when a less efficient medium of exchange (i.e., an asset with higher storage costs and lower acceptability) is used as money, limiting trade opportunities among individuals.
However, due to the random matching process in the Kiyotaki-Wright model, it is challenging to predict which equilibrium will be reached in practice. Additionally, coordination problems and information asymmetries among agents make it difficult to determine which equilibrium is preferred by the individuals. As a result, we are not able to determine which equilibrium is the best in the Kiyotaki-Wright model with certainty.
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For the next five questions, consider a scenario based on theAghion and Tirole (1997) model. There is a Principal and an agent,and the principal needs to decide on which project to implement. Ifthe principal’s preferred project is implemented the agent gets b = 40 and the principal gets surplus of B = 120. If the agent’s preferred project is implemented the agent gets b = 90 and the principal gets a return of B = 80. Ex ante all projects look alike; assume that if the principal is uninformed she will follow the recommendation of the agent. The principal can expend effort E to become informed. The principal can either expend effort E = 0, which will give her a zero probability of becoming informed. Alternatively, she can expend effort E = c at the cost of c, which will mean that she is informed with probability ½ (that is, she is informed with probability ½ if effort cost is c). On the other hand, the agent can become informed at zero cost, so we can assume that he will always be informed. The principal has a choice – she can retain formal authority to make the decision for herself (P-formal authority), or she can delegate the formal decision making rights to the agent (delegation).11. If the principal has P-formal authority she will try to be informed (expend effort E = c). With delegation she will not bother putting in effort (E = 0). Ignoring her ex ante effort costs E, the principal’s expected return Up from P-formal authority and from delegation Upd are:a. Up = 115; Upd = 80b. Up = 150; Upd = 80c. Up = 90; Upd = 100d. Up = 100; Upd = 80 - ANSWERe. None of the above.12. What is the highest value of effort cost c such that the principal will choose to retain formal authority?a. 50b. 70c. 30d. 35e. 20 - ANSWERNow assume that this is an infinite horizon game in that there are an infinite number of periods, and in each period a project can be chosen to be implemented with the same potential payoffs as outlined above. All parties have a discount factor of δ, where 0 ≤ δ ≤ 1. Further, now assume that the principal cannot formally delegate authority to the agent, but would like to commit to not intervene using the following trigger strategy: In the first period choose to remain uninformed about the potential project but pay the agent $30. Then ask the agent for a recommendation and implement the agent’s recommendation. In any subsequent period, if the agent ‘cheated’ and did not recommended the principal’s preferred project in any previous period, she will expend effort E = c (that is, try to become informed, implement her preferred project if she can but follow the agent’s recommendation in that period otherwise). If the agent recommended the principal’s preferred project in every previous period, she will remain uninformed (E = 0), pay the agent $30 and follow the agent’s recommendation.13. What is the agent’s expected payoff Ua if he cooperates and recommends the principal’s preferred project in every period?a. Ua = 70/(1 – δ)b. Ua = 90c. Ua = 80/(1 – δ)d. Ua = 75/(1 + δ)e. Ua = 65/(1 - δ)14. What is the agent’s expected payoff Uach if he cheats and recommends his own preferred project?a. Uach = 120b. Uach = 120 + δ.65/(1 – δ)c. Uach = 120 + δ.40/(1 – δ)d. Uach = 100 + 80/(1 – δ)e. Uach = 100 + 90/(1 – δ)15. For what value of δ will this trigger strategy be able to sustain cooperation (in which the agent truthfully recommends the principal’s preferred project in every period, despite the principal being uninformed and the agent having real authority)?a. δ ≥ 1/5b. δ ≥ 4/5c. δ ≥ 5/8d. δ ≥ 3/4e. δ ≥ 10/11Can I please have help with Q13-15 with intuition and answers?
13. The agent's expected payoff Ua if he cooperates and recommends the principal's preferred project in every period is Ua = 70/(1 - δ). This is because if the agent cooperates, he will receive a payoff of 40 in every period, plus the $30 payment from the principal in the first period. Since this is an infinite horizon game, the present value of these payoffs is 70/(1 - δ).
14. The agent's expected payoff Uach if he cheats and recommends his own preferred project is Uach = 120 + δ.40/(1 - δ). This is because if the agent cheats, he will receive a payoff of 90 in every period, but the principal will eventually become informed and implement her preferred project, resulting in a one-time loss of 40 for the agent. The present value of these payoffs is 120 + δ.40/(1 - δ).
15. The trigger strategy can sustain cooperation if δ ≥ 3/4. Intuitively, this is because if the agent cheats and recommends his own preferred project, the principal will become informed and implement her preferred project, resulting in a loss of 40 for the agent. Since the agent's discount factor is δ, he values future payoffs less than present payoffs, so the threat of this loss in the future is enough to incentivize him to cooperate and recommend the principal's preferred project. When δ is less than 3/4, the agent values future payoffs too highly and is willing to risk the loss in the future to receive the higher payoffs from recommending his own preferred project in the present.
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Assume the quadratic form of a firm’s average variable cost curve is given as: AVC = a + bQ + cQ2. Furthermore, suppose the parameter estimates tell us that ^a = 25, ^b = -12 and ^c = 3.
a) What is the estimated AVC (^AVC) function given the information provided above?
b. What is the estimated TVC (^TVC) function given the information provided above?
c. What is the estimated SMC (^SMC) function given the information provided above?
d. Find the AVC minimizing level of output (QM). Recall that AVC is minimized at the level of Q where AVC = SMC
a) The estimated AVC function is ^AVC = 25 - 12Q + 3Q^2.
b) The estimated TVC function is ^TVC = Q(^AVC) = 25Q - 12Q^2 + 3Q^3.
c) The estimated SMC function is ^SMC = d(^TVC)/dQ = 25 - 24Q + 9Q^2.
d) To find the AVC minimizing level of output, we need to set AVC equal to SMC: 25 - 12Q + 3Q^2 = 25 - 24Q + 9Q^2. Simplifying, we get 6Q^2 - 12Q = 0, which gives QM = 0 or QM = 2. Since Q = 0 is not a feasible level of output, the AVC minimizing level of output is QM = 2.
The average variable cost curve is a U-shaped curve, which is given by the quadratic form AVC = a + bQ + cQ^2, where a, b, and c are constants.
Using the given parameter estimates, we can obtain the estimated AVC, TVC, and SMC functions. The AVC minimizing level of output can be found by setting AVC equal to SMC and solving for Q. In this case, we get two possible solutions, but only QM = 2 is a feasible level of output.
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In _______ testing, a statement is presented to potential buyers to obtain their reactions
In concept testing, a statement or description of a product or service is presented to potential buyers to obtain their reactions and feedback.
The purpose of concept testing is to assess the viability and potential market appeal of a product or service before it is actually developed and brought to market.
Concept testing can be done through various methods, such as surveys, focus groups, or individual interviews. The feedback obtained through concept testing can help businesses identify potential issues or concerns with their product or service, as well as areas where improvements or modifications may be needed.
This can help businesses save time and resources by avoiding the development and launch of products that are unlikely to succeed in the market.
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Joseph works for a telecommunications company whose culture devotes considerable resources to hiring and developing employees.A.hierarchyB. clanC. marketD. adhocracy
Based on the given information, it is likely that Joseph's company has a clan culture.
A clan culture is one in which the organization places a strong emphasis on employee development and hiring, and values a sense of community and collaboration among its members. This type of culture is often found in organizations that prioritize employee satisfaction and retention, and seek to create a supportive and nurturing work environment.
In a clan culture, employees are often encouraged to participate in decision-making processes and are given opportunities to develop their skills and knowledge through training and mentorship programs. This type of culture can be effective in promoting employee engagement and motivation, which can in turn lead to higher levels of productivity and job satisfaction.
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how does the interest paid on u.s. savings bonds compare to the savings account rates paid by banks and credit unions?
The interest paid on U.S. savings bonds is typically higher than the savings account rates offered by banks and credit unions. The rate on savings bonds is determined by the U.S.
Treasury and is adjusted every six months based on market conditions. Currently, the interest rates on savings bonds range from 0.10% to 1.68%, depending on the type of bond and when it was issued. In comparison, the average savings account interest rate in the U.S. is only around 0.05%.
While savings bonds may have certain limitations and restrictions, they can be a good option for those looking to earn a higher rate of return on their savings.
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Hormel Foods Corporation agrees to pay you for contracted hogs delivered to the plant according to the following schedule. Every Friday afternoon, we shall average the top two of the current week's daily 10:00am Hormel Foods' plant delivered carcass hog prices. This is the "contract base price". The base will be adjusted according to our carcass merit buying program (a system to measure quality) to determine the final amount to be paid to you. The contract terms above reflect a: - Production contract; relative performance - Marketing contract; fixed price
- Production contract; absolute performance - Marketing contract; cost plus - Marketing contract; window price
- Marketing contract; formula price
The scenario's contract conditions are an example of a marketing contract with a formula pricing.
Hormel Foods Corporation agrees to pay for the contracted pigs is decided by a formula based on the average of the top two daily 10:00am delivered carcass hog prices each week, which is referred to as the "contract base price."
Additionally, the final amount to be paid to the seller will be adjusted according to Hormel Foods' carcass merit buying program, which is a system used to measure the quality of the hogs. This means that the price paid to the seller will be based on a combination of the market price and the quality of the hogs delivered.
Overall, this contract type provides a degree of certainty for the seller, as the formula for determining the price is clearly defined, but also allows for flexibility to adjust the price based on market and quality factors.
Therefore, Hormel Foods Corporation will be having a marketing contract with formula price.
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Can a family buy more with $20,000 in income in 2000 or with$22,000 in 2008?How do I find the CPI?
To answer this question, we need to determine the purchasing power of $20,000 in 2000 and $22,000 in 2008 using the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI measures the changes in the price of goods and services over time.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CPI in 2000 was 172.2, and in 2008 it was 215.303. This means that the overall price level increased by 25% between 2000 and 2008.
To find out which year had more purchasing power, we need to adjust the incomes for inflation using the CPI. To do this, we divide the income by the CPI and multiply by 100 to get the purchasing power in constant dollars.
For $20,000 in 2000, the purchasing power would be:
$20,000 / 172.2 * 100 = $11,604.65 in constant 2008 dollars.
For $22,000 in 2008, the purchasing power would be:
$22,000 / 215.303 * 100 = $10,212.52 in constant 2000 dollars.
This means that a family could buy more with $20,000 in 2000 than with $22,000 in 2008, due to the effects of inflation.
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market blank______ is a tool companies use when trying to identify distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behaviors differ from that of other consumers.
Market Segmentation is a tool companies use when trying to identify distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behaviors differ from that of other consumers.
Market segmentation is the process of dividing a larger market into smaller groups or segments of consumers who share similar needs, preferences, behaviors, or characteristics.
The purpose of market segmentation is to identify distinct groups of consumers within a market that have different requirements and respond differently to marketing messages, and then develop tailored marketing strategies and products to meet the needs of each segment.
Market segmentation can be done based on various criteria such as demographic (age, gender, income, education), geographic (region, climate, urban/rural), psychographic (lifestyle, values, personality), and behavioral (purchasing behavior, product usage, loyalty).
By segmenting the market, companies can gain a better understanding of their customers, target specific segments with relevant marketing messages, differentiate their products from competitors, and increase their overall profitability.
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