In describing the cost equation, Y = a + bX, "a" is:
- A) The dependent variable cost.
- B) The independent variable the level of activity.
- C) The total fixed cost.
- D) The variable cost per unit of activity.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

C) The total fixed cost.


Related Questions

help meeeeeeeeeeeeee

Answers

I don't see the image. Can you send it in the message.

A drawer contains 9 red socks and 11 blue socks. It is dark and you are trying to grab a matching pair. How many socks do you need to take out to be sure of a matching pair

Answers

If we pull 3 socks then there is a 100% possibility that 2 socks will be of same colour.

What is Probability ?

The area of mathematics known as probability deals with numerical representations of the likelihood that an event will occur or that a statement is true. An event's probability is a number between 0 and 1, where, broadly speaking, 0 denotes the event's impossibility and 1 denotes certainty.

A probability is a numerical representation of the possibility or chance that a specific event will take place. Both proportional ranging from 0 to 1 and percentages ranging from 0% to 100% can be used to describe probabilities.

The likelihood that a specific occurrence will occur. (2): the proportion of the total number of available outcomes to the number of outcomes in an exhaustive set of equally probable options that result in a certain occurrence.

There are 9 red socks and 11 blue socks

So if we find a red/blue sock in the first turn,

The second can be both blue or red so we can't be sure it will be matching or not.

At third turn any one colour of sock will match with any of the two already pulled before if they are different.

So, if we pull 3 socks then there is a 100% possibility that 2 socks will be of same colour.

To learn more about proportional refer to :

https://brainly.com/question/29765554

#SPJ4

Six times a number less 20 is the same as four times the same number increased by 6. Find the number

Answers

Answer:

13.

Step-by-step explanation:

Solution

Let X be the number.

Given information from the question, we can formulate an equation:

Six times a number less 20 = 4 times the same number increased by 6

6X - 20 = 4X + 6

From the equation, we can solve for X.

6X - 4X = 6 + 20

2X = 26

X = 26 ÷ 2

X = 13

Therefore the number is 13.

The value of the unknown number is = 13.

Let the unknown number be expressed by the variable = x.

According to the question, the mathematical linear equation in one variable that is 'x' can be expressed as:

=> 6x - 20 = 4x + 6

=> 6x - 4x = 6 + 20

=> 2x = 26

=> x = 26/2

=> x = 13

Therefore, the value of 'x' which is the unknown number is 13.

To know more about such linear equation sum, refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/26310043

What percentage of the class voted for Maria?

Answers

36%


step-by-step explanation:

fFind the length of the arc on a circle with radius of 27 meters and intercepted by a central angle of 120 degrees

Answers

The length of the arc that subtended an angle of 120° with a radius of 27 m is 18π m.

We know that the length of the arc of a circle = Radius of the circle × angle subtended by the arc (in radians)

Here radius of the circle is 27 m

The angle subtended is 120°

Hence we will first convert the angle into radians

Angle in radians = Angle in degree X π/180

= 120 X π/180

= 2π/3

Therefore, the length of the arc = 27 X 2π/3

= 18π m

Therefore, the length of the arc that subtended an angle of 120° with a radius of 27 m is 18π m.

To learn more about Arc visit

https://brainly.com/question/10266974

#SPJ4

The number y of duckweed fronds in a pond after t days is y=a(1230. 25)t/16, where a is the initial number of fronds. By what percent does the duckweed increase each day? Round your answer to the nearest whole number

Answers

The duckweed increases by a percentage each day which is calculated by the equation

(1230.25t/16)/a - 1.

This equation can be further simplified to 1230.25t/16a - 1 and then multiplied by 100 to get a percentage.

So the percentage increase of duckweed each day is calculated by multiplying 1230.25t/16a - 1 by 100.

1230.25t/16a×100

This will give us the percentage of increase each day, rounded to the nearest whole number.

For example, if the initial number of fronds is 1000 and the number of days is 2, the percentage increase of duckweed will be (1230.25(2)/16(1000)) - 1 = 24.6%, rounded to the nearest whole number which is 25%.

Learn more about percentage:

https://brainly.com/question/24877689

#SPJ4

There are two chords AB and CD in a circle. |AB| = 10 cm, |CD| 10 cm, |CD| = 8 cm and the radius of the circle is 12 cm. What is the distance of each chord from the centre of the circle?​

Answers

The distance of each chord from the centre of the circle are √119  and √128 respectively .

Given,

Radius of a circle = 12 cm

AB = 10 cm

CD = 8 cm

Now, we get

BG = 10/2 = 5 cm

HD = 8/2 = 4 cm

(A perpendicular coming from the centre, which is not a diameter, bisects the chord.)

Now,

BE = ED = EF = 12 cm (All radii of a circle are equal.)

Now, by Pythagoras Theorem, we get

H² = P² + B²

For GE —

(BE)² = (GE)² + (BG)²

or, (12)² = GE² + (5)²

or, 144 = GE² + 25

or, GE² = 144 — 25

or, GE² = 119

or GE = ±√119

or GE = √119 (Since, length cannot be negative.)

For HE —

(DE)² = (HE)² + (HD)²

or, (12)² = HE² + (4)²

or, 144 = HE² + 16

or, HE² = 144 — 16

or, HE² = 128

or, HE = ± √128

or, HE = √128 or 8√2(Since, length cannot be negative.)

Hence , the distance of each chord from the centre of the circle are √119  and √128 respectively .

Learn more about chord at:

https://brainly.com/question/4470346

#SPJ1

Find the derivative.
y = x tanh^-1(x) + ln (√( 1 −x2))

Answers

The answer is:

- 1 < x < 1

I hope this is correct

Refer to the image attached.

A study by the department of education of a certain state was trying to determine the
mean SAT scores of the graduating high school seniors. The study found a confidence
interval for the mean score to be between 440 and 472. What is the margin of error
on the survey? Do not write on the margin of error.

Answers

Margin of error = 16

Explanation:

The confidence interval spans from 440 to 472. This is a width of 472-440 = 32 units. It divides in half to get 32/2 = 16. We can think of this as the "radius" of the confidence interval, and it represents the margin of error. It's the distance from the center to either endpoint of the interval.

Side note: use the midpoint formula to determine the center.

9. The expression (xn)(x5)3 is equivalent to x30. What is the value of n?

Answers

Answer: N= x24 over 3

Step-by-step explanation:

Given: 2x−43=2
Prove: x = 5

Select from the drop-down menus to correctly complete the proof.

Statement Reason
2x−43=2 Given
2x−4=6
Choose...
2x = 10
Choose...
x = 5

Answers

Therefore , the solution of he given problem of linear equation comes out to be x = 5.

A linear equation is defined.

A linear equation is one that has the form y=mx+b in algebra. B is the slope, and m is the y-intercept. It's usual to refer to the previous clause as a "linear equation with two variables" because y and x are variables. The two-variable linear equations known as bivariate linear equations. There are several instances of linear equations: 2x - 3 = 0, 2y = 8, m + 1 = 0, x/2 = 3, x + y = 2, and 3x - y + z = 3. It is referred to as being linear when an equation has the form y=mx+b, where m stands for the slope and b for the y-intercept.

Here,

Given : 2x-4=6

To prove x =5

Thus,

We have to find the value of x

=> 2x =10

=> x =10/2

=> x =5

Therefore , the solution of he given problem of linear equation comes out to be x = 5.

To know more about linear equation visit:

https://brainly.com/question/11897796

#SPJ1

H) find the solution of the equation

In ( x + 2 ) = 4

how?

Answers

Answer:

x = 2

Step-by-step explanation:

If you look at the equation:

(x + 2) = 4

We just need to solve for x.

To solve for x, we can subtract the total by the addend, to get the variables value.

4 - 2 = 2

Therefore, the value of x is 2.

Answer: x = e^4 - 2

Explanation:
1. Since In(x) = b is equivalent to x = e^b,
convert the given equation to exponential form. It should be x+2 = e^4.

2. To solve for x subtract by 2 on both sides which should give you x = e^4 - 2.

A pair of 8-sided dice have sides numbered 1 through 8. Each side has the same probability (chance) of landing face up. What is the probability that the product of the two numbers on the sides that land face-up exceeds 36

Answers

5/32 of the time, the product of the two numbers on the face-up sides will be greater than 36.

What is meant by probability?

The likelihood of an event happening is gauged by probability. Many things are impossible to completely predict in advance. Using it, we can only make predictions about how probable an event is to happen, or its chance of happening.

There are 64 possible options to look at (8 x 8).

If one die is a 1, then no combinations will be possible, even if the other die is an 8.

If one dice is a 2, then no combinations will be possible, even if the other die is an 8.

If one dice is a 3, then no combinations will be possible, even if the other die is an 8.

If one die is a 4, then no combinations will be possible, even if the other die is an 8.

If one die is a 5, the second die must be an 8 for the result to be more than 36. So, (5, 8) is effective.

If one die is a 6, the second die must be a 7 or an 8 to produce a result greater than 36. Therefore, both (6, 7) and (6, 8) are valid.

If one die is a 7, the other die can be a 6, 7, or 8 to get a result that is more than 36. As a result, (7, 6), (7, 7) and (7, 8) all function.

If one die is an 8, the other die can be a 5, 6, 7, or 8 to get a result that is more than 36. Therefore, (8, 5), (8,6), (8,7), and (8,8) are valid.

Out of a total of 64 possible combinations, there are a total of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 that are successful.

As a result, the response is 5/32 because 10/64 = 5/32.

To learn more about probability, refer to:

https://brainly.com/question/24756209

#SPJ4

You work at an oil refinery and are in charge of draining a tank until the
are 635 gallons left inside. The tank starts with 827 gallons, and you c
drain it at a rate of 48 gallons per minute. How many minutes do you
need to drain the tank to the right level?
You need
minutes.

Answers

4 minutes
Explanation below

The table shows the gallons of fuel remaining after a car

travels a certain distance in miles

Distance

(miles)

Fuel Remaining

(gallons)

The change in fuel remaining from one row to the next

in the table is gallon(s)

The change in distance from one row to the next in the

table is

mile(s)

The slope of the line that runs through the points given

in the table is

The slope indicates a

13. 50

13. 46

13. 42

3

13. 38

13. 34

5

13. 30

Answers

The slope shows a change in the amount of fuel left in each mile. Since the slope is -0.04, the amount of fuel left drops by 0.04 gallons each mile

what is slope ?

The slope of a line governs its steepness. Using mathematics, the gradient is expressed as "gradient overflow" (the change in y divided by the change in x). The slope is the ratio of the vertical (rise) to the horizontal (run) change in distance between any two sites. Every time the equation for a straight line is written as y = mx + b, the slope-intercept representation of the equation is utilized. At the location of the y-intercept, the line has a slope of m, b, and c. (0, b). As an example, the y-intercept of the equation y = 3x - 7 has a value of 3. (0, 7).

given

It is evident that with each additional row, the distance is increased by one mile and the fuel level is altered.

From one row to the next in the table, the amount of fuel left changes by -0.04 gallons.

The distance in the table that changes from one row to the next is 1 mile.

The slope is the pace at which the amount of fuel left changes in relation to the change in distance.

The line that passes through the places listed in the table has a slope of -0.04 degrees.

The slope shows a change in the amount of fuel left in each mile. Since the slope is -0.04, the amount of fuel left drops by 0.04 gallons each mile.

To know more about slope visit:

https://brainly.com/question/3605446

#SPJ4

What line is parallel to 2x 3y 6 at 2 3 )?

Answers

The line parallel to the given line 2x+3y=6 is 2x+3y=13.

The general equation of a line is y=mx+c where m is the slope of the line and c is the y-intercept.

The slope of the given line 2x+3y=6 is

3y=(-2x)+6

y=(-2/3)x+2

y=mx+c where m is the slope of the line

so the slope of the given line is (-2/3)

as the slope of two parallel lines is equal so the slope of the line parallel to the given line is also (-2/3)

(y-y1)=m(x-x1) where x1 is the x-coordinate and y1 is the y-coordinate.

Here x1=2 and y1=3

(y-3)=m(x-2)

y-3=(-2/3)x+4/3

3y-9=(-2x)+4

3y+2x=13

2x+3y=13

The line 2x+3y=13 is parallel to the given line 2x+3y=6.

To know more about parallel lines:

https://brainly.com/question/24607467

#SPJ4

bonjour svp aide moi

Exercice 7: mon et nop sont deux angles adjacents supplémentaires tel que mOn = 60°.

1°) Calculer nOp.​

Answers

Answer:

n0p = 120°

Step-by-step explanation:

m0n + n0p = 180°

60° + n0p = 180°

n0p = 120°

Which of the following are the factors of the equation x 2 3x − 4 0?

Answers

(A) (x+4)(x-1)=0 is the proper factors form of the given equation x²+3x-4=0.

What are the factors?

A factor is a number that completely divides another number.

To put it another way, if adding two whole numbers results in a product, then the numbers we are adding are factors of the product because the product is divisible by them.

So, we have the equation:

x²+ 3x - 4 = 0

By dividing the center term, this quadratic equation can be reduced to its simplest form.

The result of dividing the middle word is:

x² + 4x - x - 4 = 0

One way to spell it is as:

x (x + 4) - 1 (x + 4) = 0

Now, we obtain:

(x + 4) (x - 1) = 0

Therefore, (A) (x+4)(x-1)=0 is the proper factors form of the given equation x²+3x-4=0.

Know more about the factors here:

https://brainly.com/question/25829061

#SPJ4

Correct question:

Which of the following is the correct factored form of the given equation x2+ 3x - 4 = 0?

(A) (x +4) (x - 1) = 0

(B) (x - 4) (x - 1) = 0

(C) (x - 4) (x +1)= 0

Brian buys bananas from the grocery store each week. Last week he bought 5 pounds of bananas and paid $2.95. If he buys 8 pounds of bananas this week, how much will he pay?

Answers

$2.95/5 =0.59
0.59 is how much each each pound of bananas cost
So- 0.59 x 8 = $4.72

$4.72 is your total cost for 8 pounds of bananas

Y’all please help my mind isn’t working please

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

To find values of y we substitute values of x in the given expression so when x = 0

y = (0)^2 - 6(0) + 3

  = 3.

x = 1, y = 1^2 - 6(1) + 3 = -2

x = 3, y = 3^2 - 6(2) + 3 = 0.

Use these values to draw the graph

(a)  Read this from the graph

Coordinates of the minimum should be 3, -6)

(b) Equation of the line of symmetry is the vertical line through the minimum point ( x = 3).

(c)  Read these from the graph.

(the points where the graph cut the x-axis).

(d) and e - read the values from your graph.

Explain how I do this please and thank you!

Answers

Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

You need to add both of the angles you already know (1 and 2). If you add angle 1 and angle 2 you get 74. This means m < J K M would be 74°.

Answer:

74 degrees

Step-by-step explanation:

You have to add angles 1 and 2

35 +39=74

Therefore, 74 is the answer

What airport is located approximately 47 (degrees) 40 (minutes) N latitude and 101 (degrees) 26 (minutes) W longitude?

Answers

On sectional charts, the graticules are the lines that separate each 30 minutes of latitude and each 30 minutes of longitude. One tick mark equals one minute of latitude or longitude. Moving northward increases latitude while moving westward increases longitude. The coordinates of the Garrison (Pvt) airport are 47° 40' 00" N and 101° 26' 00" W.

Give an example of what is  direction?

Direction is characterised as the course that something follows, the route that must be taken to get to a particular location, the direction in which something is beginning to take shape, or the direction you are facing. When you turn right instead of left, that is an illustration of direction.

How do you interpret a map?

Identifying whether a direction is clockwise or anticlockwise is a straightforward method for resolving direction problems. If we turn right, the direction will be entirely clockwise. Therefore, when starting from the correct point at North, every right movement will lead in the clockwise directions of East, South, and West.

To know more about latitude visit:-

brainly.com/question/12180926

#SPJ4

A teacher buys packs of notebooks to give to his students. The ratio of brown notebooks to red notebooks is represented in the tape diagram. Brown notebooksRed notebooks Based on the ratio, what is the number of brown notebooks when there are 242424 red notebooks

Answers

Answer:

yea yea

Step-by-step explanation:

Joules and calories are two different units of energy. The equation j=0. 239c relates the measures, where c stands for calories and j stands for joules. Complete the table

Answers

To complete the table, we can simply multiply the number of calories by 0.239 to find the equivalent amount of Joules.

The equation relates Joules to calories as j = 0.239c, where c stands for calories and j stands for joules. For example, 1 calorie is equal to 0.239 Joules, 2 calories is equal to 0.478 Joules, and so on.

Joules (j)              Calories (c)

0.239c                  1

0.478c                  2

0.717c                  3

0.956c                  4

1.195c                  5

1.434c                      6

To learn more about Calories

https://brainly.com/question/830145

#SPJ4

Pedro loves to try new adventures. His most recent was jumping out of an airplane. His special watch tells him his altitude. He set a timer at the moment he opened his parachute. His altitude relative to sea level, A, in feet, which is a function of time, in minutes, is shown in the table below.

A t
11,100 4
7200 8
3300 12
A function could be written to describe the decent:

Blank 1

= (Blank 2

)t + Blank 3

Answers

The equation of the linear function is A(t) = -975t + 15000

How to determine the equation of the function

From the question, we have the following parameters that can be used in our computation:

The table of values

From the table of values, we have:

A(t)         t

11,100   4

7200   8

3300   12

From the above table of values, we can see that

As t increase by 4, the value of A(t) decreases by 3900

This means that the table of values is a linear relation, and the slope is

slope = -3900/4

slope = -975

A linear equation is represented as

y = mx + c

Where

slope = m

So, we have

A(t) = -975t + c

Using the points on the table, we have

11000 = -975 * 4 + c

Evaluate

c = 15000

So, we have

A(t) = -975t + 15000

Hence, the equation is A(t) = -975t + 15000

Read more about linear equation at

https://brainly.com/question/4074386

#SPJ1

Is gram mole equal to mole?

Answers

No, one mole is not equal to one gram. For an object, the mole and gram numerical values differ.

1 gram, what is it?

One mole consists of an Avogadro number of atoms. If you are aware of the mole quantity, you can convert a mole into grams.

The mole (symbol: mol) is the unit of material quantity used by the International System of Units. The amount of a substance determines how many elementary entities of that substance are present in an object or sample. The mole must contain precisely 6.02214076×10²³ elementary entities.

A mole's relationship to a gram is

The product of the number of Moles of an object to its atomic weight equals one gram.

To learn more about mole and gram, click on the below link:

brainly.com/question/29061471

#SPJ4

Help aspp please thank you show ur work if you like

Answers

The equation indicates that the given equation's constant variable is 8.

What is the name of the variational constant?

In other words, you may claim that y directly depends on x or that y is directly proportional to x. The continuity equation or the constant variable variation in this function is m (or k). a direct variation's product of two variables or the result of two variables in such an inverse variation K is the constant of variation in the direct variation equations.

According to the given information:

"X fluctuates directly as Y" denotes that as y rises, x also rises by the same amount. In other words, the ratio between y and x is constant and is:

                            x = k × y                

where k is the constant of variation.

Here,

it is given that y varies as  x,

if y=24 and x=3,

therefore,

y = kx

24 = 3k

∴ k = 8

To learn more about constant of variation, visit:

brainly.com/question/25215474

#SPJ1

The question is in the picture I would appreciate if you could explain how to get the answer thank you.

Answers

(0.818  , 1.546)  is the point that is part of solution.

point (0,2) and (2,0) are not the part of solutions.

3y - 2x ≤ 3

y + 3x  ≤ 4

these are the system of inequalities.

What are Inequalities?

Inequality is a relationship between two expressions or values that is not equal to each other. Therefore, inequality emerges from a lack of balance.

Given in this question,

There are two lines L1 and L2.

From the graph we can find the two points that lies on the line L1 be

(0,1) and (3,3).

similarly From the graph we can find the two points that lies on the line L2 be

(0,4) and (2,-2).

From the two points (x1 , y1) and (x2,y2) we can write the equation of the Line from the following formula :

[tex]y-y_1=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1} (x-x_1)[/tex].   This is the equation of line for given two points.

Equation of line L1 :

[tex]y-1=\frac{3-1}{3-0} (x-0)[/tex]

3y - 3 = 2x ----------(ii)

Equation of line L1 : 3y - 2x = 3.

Equation of line L2 :

[tex]y-4=\frac{-2-4}{2-0} (x-0)[/tex]

y   = -3x + 4 ----------(ii)

Equation of line L2 : y + 3x = 4.

The point that is the part of the solution :

putting the value of y from equation (ii) in equation (i).

3(-3x+4) -3 = 2x

-9x-2x = -12+3

-11x = -9

  x = 0.818

y = -3(0.818) +4 = +1.546

so Point of intersection is (0.818  , 1.546)

This is the point that is part of solution.

The point that is not below both the lines are not part of solution.

the point that are not part of solution are:

3y - 2x ≥ 3  ->  (0,2)

y + 3x  ≥ 4   ->  (2,0)

point (0,2) and (2,0) are not the part of solutions.

Inequalities are for shaded portion :

3y - 2x ≤ 3

y + 3x  ≤ 4

these are the system of inequalities.

To learn more about  System of Inequalities from the given link

brainly.com/question/24372553

#SPJ1

need help plsssssssss

Answers

Answer: y<-5x+9

Step-by-step explanation:

Slope is -5, y-intercept is 9 and the shaded area is on the left side (meaning y is less than the line). The line is dotted which means that the answer will less than but not equal to.

How do you verify that a dilation is a similarity transformation?

Answers

A transformation that alters the size of a figure is called a dilation (similarity transformation). It needs a scale factor of k and a central point. Depending on the value of k, the dilatation is either an enlargement or a decrease. The dilation is an enlargement if |k|>1.

If two figures have the same shape but different sizes, they are said to be comparable. A stiff motion combined with a rescaling constitutes a similarity transformation. In other words, a similarity transformation can change shape without changing location or size.

A dilation is a transformation that yields a different-sized picture with the same general shape as the original. Enlargements are dilations that result in a bigger picture. Reduction is the name for a dilatation that shrinks the picture. The initial figure is stretched or contracted by a dilatation.

For more questions on rotation and dilation

https://brainly.com/question/28558697

#SPJ4

Other Questions
Why might Mississippi have required all African Americans to have labor contracts, but not white Mississippians How would you describe the character of Coach White in the film, not the real Coach White but the character who was invented by the scriptwriters Question 14 of 20 The Spanish agreed to give up the territory of Florida to the United States after signing the A. Treaty of Paris B. Treaty of Ghent C. Louisiana Purchase D. Adams-Ons Treaty What is the most common irony? Many scientists claim that the synthesis of the first organic molecules from inorganic precursors was possible because of the highly reducing atmosphere found on primitive Earth.Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim?answer choicesThe synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is possible under current atmospheric oxygen levels as well as those found on primitive Earth.Organic molecules were transported to primitive Earth by a meteorite or other celestial event.The absence of a significant quantity of atmospheric oxygen is required for the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic precursors.The level of atmospheric oxygen on modern Earth is significantly higher than on primitive Earth. PLEASE HELPConsider the two circles shownTo show that circle P is similar to circle Q, circle P is translated t units to the right. The image is then dilated about its center by a scale factor of s.What are the values of t and s A juice container advertises it now contains 20% more juice. Originally, it had 27.5 ounces, howmuch juice does it now contain? What is the branch of psychology that applies psychological concepts and questions to work settings and problems The romantic movement in literature began as a reaction to the movement If you pound a feather with a hammer, which one feels a greater force? a. always the hammer both feather moves, then it felt the greater force. b. therwise the force the same on both. c. always the feather d. The size of the force is always exactly the same on both of them. Which of the following constructions can be accomplished with paperfolding?Check all that apply.A. Constructing a line segment of length 2 and then finding themidpointB. Drawing a perpendicular line segment through a given point on agiven segmentC. Drawing a line through a given point parallel to a given lineD. Drawing a perpendicular line segment from a given point to agiven segment What are the 3 main species that make up the mollusk group? A boy stands on the floor whilegravity pulls him down and the floorpushes up on him.OBalancedQUnbalanced road to white house Math You are a server virtualization consultant. During a planning meeting with a client, the issue of virtual machine point-in-time snapshots comes up. You recommend careful use of snapshots because of the security ramifications. Which security problem is the most likely to occur when using snapshots What is the equation of this graph in slope intercept form If the material fails when the average normal stress reaches 120 psi, determine the largest centrally applied vertical load p the block can support What are the roots of the equation 2x^2 3x 5 0? based on the data provided, does this algorithm run in a reasonable or unreasonable time? explain your answer How did American workers most often protest unfair labor conditions before the onset of labor unions