The correct option is D, Present value is the current value of a future sum of money or cash flow, discounted at a specific rate of return, often called the discount rate or the interest rate.
A discount rate is the rate used to calculate the present value of future cash flows. It represents the cost of capital, or the opportunity cost of investing money in one project over another. The discount rate reflects the time value of money, meaning that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future.
Discount rates are used in many financial calculations, such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. The discount rate is a critical factor in determining the profitability of an investment, as it affects the value of future cash flows. The appropriate discount rate to use depends on a variety of factors, including the level of risk associated with the investment, the expected return on other investment opportunities, and the time horizon of the investment.
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The interest rate is 7% in the market for loanable funds. Investors wish to borrow $90 million, and savers wish to save $135 million at this interest rate. We would expect the interest rate to _____, as there is a _____ of loanable funds. fall; shortage rise; shortage rise; surplus fall; surplus
According to the market for loanable funds, the equilibrium interest rate is determined by the intersection of the demand and supply of loanable funds.
In this case, investors wish to borrow $90 million and savers wish to save $135 million at an interest rate of 7%. However, since the quantity demanded of loanable funds exceeds the quantity supplied of loanable funds, there is a shortage of loanable funds.
As a result, the interest rate would be expected to rise in order to incentivize savers to save more and reduce the quantity demanded of loanable funds. Therefore, we can conclude that the interest rate would rise in this scenario due to a shortage of loanable funds.
In summary, when there is a shortage of loanable funds, the interest rate tends to rise in order to balance the demand and supply of loanable funds. A rise in interest rates would encourage savers to supply more funds and discourage borrowers from demanding excessive funds, ultimately leading to an equilibrium in the market for loanable funds.
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Due to gasoline prices increasing by 23%, quantity demanded of gasoline has declined from 369,000,000 to 363,236,589 gallons per day 1. Calculate the appropriate elasticity. 2. Interpret the elasticity. 3. Classify demand for gasoline. 4. What has happened to consumer expenditures for gasoline?
The elasticity of demand for gasoline is: Elasticity = (1.56% / 23%) = 0.0678 or 0.07 (rounded to two decimal places)
1. The formula for calculating elasticity is:
Elasticity = (% change in quantity demanded / % change in price)
Using the given information, we can calculate the percentage change in quantity demanded as:
% change in quantity demanded = ((369,000,000 - 363,236,589) / 369,000,000) x 100% = 1.56%
And the percentage change in price as:
% change in price = 23%
2. An elasticity of demand of 0.07 means that the quantity demanded of gasoline is relatively inelastic, which means that the change in price has a relatively small effect on the quantity demanded. In other words, consumers are not very responsive to changes in the price of gasoline and will continue to buy it even if the price goes up.
3. Based on the elasticity value of 0.07, we can classify the demand for gasoline as relatively inelastic. This means that consumers will still buy gasoline even if the price increases, which is typical of a necessity product like gasoline.
4. Consumer expenditures for gasoline have decreased due to the decline in quantity demanded despite the increase in price. This means that consumers are spending less money on gasoline overall as they are buying fewer gallons of gasoline at the higher price.
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A way in which a firm uses related diversification to create value for its customers by extending resources and capabilities across its businesses is called:
a. market power.
b. economies of scope.
c. multipoint competition.
d. vertical integration.
A way in which a firm uses related diversification to create value for its customers by extending resources and capabilities across its businesses is called economies of scope.
By expanding resources and capabilities across all of its businesses, a company can use related diversification to add value for its clients. A company can save costs, increase efficiency, and give its consumers access to a wider choice of goods and services by pooling its resources and expertise across several product lines.
This may lead to a competitive advantage that is advantageous to both the business and its clients. An organisation that manufactures both laptops and smartphones, for instance, can apply its technological know-how and production skills to both product lines, resulting in cost savings and increased quality for both products.
Additionally, the business can offer both items to its consumers using its current distribution networks and marketing know-how, which will improve sales and income. Generally speaking, economies of scope can result in higher effectiveness, cost savings, and improved quality, which can be advantageous to the company and its clients.
Therefore, the Option B is correct.
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Use your analysis in Problem 7.2 to compare the monopoly and competitive equilibria. (Ignore price discrimination and incentives to create other devices like X-COR's in future.) (a) Monopoly increases decreases doesn't affect output.
In a monopoly market, the equilibrium occurs where the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue, but the output level is lower and the price is higher compared to a competitive market. Therefore, in terms of output, the monopoly equilibrium decreases the output level compared to the competitive equilibrium.
In a competitive market, there are multiple firms that compete with each other to offer goods and services. The equilibrium occurs where the market demand intersects with the market supply, and the price and output levels are determined accordingly.
Therefore, the main difference between the monopoly and competitive equilibria lies in the output level. A monopoly equilibrium results in a lower output level, while a competitive equilibrium results in a higher output level. Additionally, the monopoly equilibrium leads to a higher price level than the competitive equilibrium due to the lack of competition.
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The following is information for a perfectly price discriminating monopolist. Demand: P = 65 -0.020 Marginal revenue = P = 65 -0.040 Marginal cost = ATC = 4 Calculate the producer surplus for the monopolist. You do not need to enter the $ sign or commas for large numbers. E.g. $50,000 can be entered as 50000 When answers are not whole numbers you can leave one number after the decimal. Eg. 10.2874 can be entered
To calculate the producer surplus for a perfectly price discriminating monopolist, we need to find the area between the demand curve and the marginal cost curve, from the quantity where the marginal cost intersects the demand curve to the quantity where the demand curve intersects the x-axis.
First, we need to find the quantity where marginal cost intersects demand:
MC = ATC = 4
MR = P = 65 - 0.040
65 - 0.040Q = 4
61 = 0.040Q
Q = 1525
So the monopolist produces 1525 units of the good.
Next, we need to find the price at which the monopolist can sell all 1525 units:
P = 65 - 0.020(1525)
P = 32.50
Now we can calculate the producer surplus:
Producer Surplus = (Price - Marginal Cost) x Quantity / 2
Producer Surplus = (32.50 - 4) x 1525 / 2
Producer Surplus = 24.25 x 1525 / 2
Producer Surplus = 18531.25
Therefore, the producer surplus for the monopolist is $18531.25.
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Suppose that United Airlines has a monopoly on the route between Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. During the winter (December-March), the monthly demand on this route is given by P a1-bQ. During the summer (June-August), the monthly demand is given by P a2 bQ, where a2> a1. Assuming that United's marginal cost function is the same in both the summer and the winter, and assuming that the marginal cost function is independent of the quantity Q of passengers served, will United charge a higher price in the summer or in the winter?
United Airlines will charge a higher price in the summer, as the demand is higher during that time period (a2>b1) and they have a monopoly on the route.
By charging a higher price in the summer, United Airlines can increase their profits without experiencing a significant decrease in demand.
However, it's important to note that without knowing the specific values of a1, a2, b, and the marginal cost function, we cannot determine the exact price that United Airlines will charge in either season.
In summary, the price charged by United Airlines on the Chicago-Omaha route will be higher in the summer due to higher demand during that time period.
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Optimism about company earnings has driven share prices higherin the past year. But financial markets are relentlesslyforward-looking. And with bumper earnings already in the bag, they now have less to look forward to. A rally in bond prices since March and a sell-off in some cyclical stocks point to concerns about slower GDP growth. A plausible case can be made that the earnings outlook might worsen as quickly as it improved.
Profits swing around a lot. For big businesses, a lot of costs are either fixed or do not vary much with production. Firms could in principle fire workers in a recession and hire them back in a boom so that costs go up and down with revenues. But this is not a great way to run a business. A consequence of a mostly stable cost base is that, when sales rise or fall, profits rise and fall by a lot more. This "operating leverage" is especially powerful for companies in cyclical businesses, such as oil, mining and heavy industry. Indeed, changes in earnings forecasts are largely driven by cyclical stocks.
Slower economic growth is one part of a classic profit squeeze. The other is rising costs. [Over the recent past], A variety of bottlenecks have pushed up the prices of key inputs, such as semiconductors. Too much is made of this, says Robert Buckland of Citigroup, a bank. Input prices typically go up a lot in the early stages of a global recovery. Big listed companies usually absorb them without much damage to profits. Rapid sales growth trumps the input-cost effect. The real swing factor is wages, which are the bulk of firms’ costs.
An obvious remedy for rising costs would be to raise prices. Though inflation is surging in America, that reflects price rises for a small number of items. Many businesses tend not to raise prices straight away. They are mindful of losing customers to rivals who don’t raise prices. And there are administrative costs to changing prices frequently. A study published in 2008 by Emi Nakamura and Jon Steinsson, two academics, found that the median duration of prices is between eight and 11 months. Prices of food and petrol change monthly but those of a lot of services only change once a year.
Answer the following questions
What does this description imply about the assumption of profit maximization? [4%]
Suggest reasons why well-run firm avoid firing workers during a recession and re-hiring them in a boom [4%]
According to the extract which of the following are true [4%]
Inflation squeezes profits.
Firms raise prices to offset rising costs.
Firms do not raise prices for fear of losing customers to rival firms.
Firms can easily change the prices of their products.
The description implies that the assumption of profit maximization is not always straightforward in practice.
While firms may aim to maximize profits, various factors such as slower economic growth, rising costs, and operating leverage can impact their ability to do so. Additionally, firms may not always raise prices to offset costs, as they consider other factors like customer retention and competition.
Well-run firms avoid firing workers during a recession and re-hiring them in a boom for several reasons:
1. Maintaining employee morale and loyalty.
2. Retaining valuable skills and experience.
3. Reducing recruitment and training costs.
4. Ensuring smooth business operations and continuity.
According to the extract, the following statements are true:
1. Inflation squeezes profits.
2. Firms do not raise prices for fear of losing customers to rival firms.
The statements "Firms raise prices to offset rising costs" and "Firms can easily change the prices of their products" are not entirely true, as the extract explains that firms may be hesitant to raise prices due to competitive pressures and administrative costs.
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Jose lives next to The Party Pub and its outdoor "beer garden' that features live music. An economics major, Jose considers this a positive externality. Dave, another economics student, lives next to The Party Pub too, but he considers the musica negative externality. Which student, is either, is correct? Why? Explain your answer. Is college education a public good or a private good? Explain your answer in terms of the two characteristics of goods.
Both Jose and Dave can be considered correct in their assessment of The Party Pub's outdoor beer garden and live music as either a positive or negative externality, respectively. This is because externalities are subjective, and their impact can vary based on individual preferences and circumstances.
For Jose, the live music and social atmosphere may enhance his overall enjoyment of living in the area, while for Dave, the noise and disruption may detract from his quality of life. Regarding college education, it can be considered both a private and a public good. It is a private good in that individuals can exclude others from accessing the benefits of their education, such as job opportunities and increased earning potential. However, it also has characteristics of a public good, as education provides broader benefits to society, such as a more informed citizenry and a stronger economy. Therefore, government intervention may be necessary to ensure that education is accessible and affordable to all, despite its private good characteristics.
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for a large firm that produces and sells automobiles, which of the following costs would be fixed costs? (select all that apply) group of answer choices the rent that the firm pays for office space in a suburb of st. louis the unemployment insurance premium that the firm pays to the state of missouri, which is calculated based on the number of worker-hours that the firm uses. the cost of the steel that is used in producing automobiles the $100,00 payment that the firm pays each year for accounting services
The fixed costs for the large firm that produces and sells automobiles are the rent for office space and the annual payment for accounting services, while the cost of steel and the unemployment insurance premium are variable costs.
Fixed costs are expenses that do not vary with the level of production or sales volume. They are incurred regardless of how much the company produces or sells. In the case of the large automobile firm, the rent for the office space in a suburb of St. Louis is a fixed cost since the company pays the same amount of rent regardless of how many cars it produces or sells. Similarly, the $100,000 payment that the firm pays each year for accounting services is a fixed cost, as the amount remains the same regardless of the production or sales volume. In contrast, variable costs are expenses that vary directly with the level of production or sales volume. In the case of the automobile firm, the cost of steel that is used in producing automobiles is a variable cost, as it increases with the production volume. The unemployment insurance premium that the firm pays to the state of Missouri based on the number of worker-hours that the firm uses is also a variable cost. It increases as the firm hires more workers or increases the number of work hours.
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baxter inc. has a capital structure of 30% debt, 15% preferred stock, and 55% common equity. The company's after tax cost of debt is 7%, the cost of preferred stock is 11%, and the cost of common equity is 15%. what is the company's weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
Baxter Inc.'s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 12%. This means that the company's overall cost of financing is 12%, taking into account the different types of financing and their respective costs.
To calculate WACC, we first need to determine the cost of each type of financing, as mentioned in the question. The cost of debt is given as 7%, the cost of preferred stock is 11%, and the cost of common equity is 15%.
Next, we need to calculate the weights of each type of financing in the company's capital structure. The company's capital structure consists of 30% debt, 15% preferred stock, and 55% common equity. We can use these percentages as the weights.
Using the formula for WACC, we can calculate the company's overall cost of financing:
WACC = (weight of debt x cost of debt) + (weight of preferred stock x cost of preferred stock) + (weight of common equity x cost of common equity)
WACC = (0.30 x 0.07) + (0.15 x 0.11) + (0.55 x 0.15)
WACC = 0.021 + 0.0165 + 0.0825
WACC = 0.12 or 12%
Therefore, Baxter Inc.'s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 12%. This means that the company's overall cost of financing is 12%, taking into account the different types of financing and their respective costs.
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Par refers to the standard number of inventoried items that must be on-hand to support daily, routine housekeeping operations. true or false
The statement Par refers to the standard number of inventoried items that must be on hand to support daily, routine housekeeping operations is true.
In the context of inventory management, par levels are established to maintain an optimal balance between having sufficient stock to meet daily operational needs and minimizing excess inventory, which can lead to increased costs and waste.
Setting appropriate par levels is essential for efficient inventory management, as it ensures that essential items are readily available when needed without causing an overstock situation. This is particularly crucial in the housekeeping department, where maintaining cleanliness and hygiene is a top priority.
Par levels are determined based on factors such as historical usage patterns, lead times for replenishing stock, and seasonal variations in demand. Regular monitoring and adjustments to par levels are necessary to keep inventory levels aligned with changing requirements and to minimize carrying costs.
In summary, par levels play a vital role in managing inventory for housekeeping operations, ensuring that the necessary items are available for daily tasks while avoiding excess stock and associated costs. Maintaining appropriate par levels contributes to the smooth functioning and cost-effectiveness of housekeeping departments.
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A fixed exchange rate:
I. leaves monetary policy available for domestic stabilization.
II. reduces the uncertainty of international trade.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. neither I nor II
A stable exchange rate: II. lessens trade-related uncertainty. just B. II. An exchange rate that is fixed refers to one that is anchored to a specific value in relation to another currency, often the US dollar. Option B is Correct.
To keep the exchange rate at the predetermined level in this arrangement, the central bank will need to intervene on the foreign exchange market. While a fixed exchange rate system can minimize trade uncertainty by ensuring a stable exchange rate, it restricts the central bank's capacity to utilize monetary policy to stabilize the domestic economy.
In order to preserve the fixed exchange rate, the central bank must take precedence over managing inflation or unemployment, which is not possible with interest rate modifications. As a result, assertion I is untrue. Option B is Correct.
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OPEC members routinely met to try to set targets for oil production.
Group of answer choices
True
False
In the United States, oligopoly first became an issue during _______.
Group of answer choices
First half of the Twentieth Century
Second half of the Twentieth Century
Second half of the Nineteenth Century
First half of the Eighteenth Century
True. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel consisting of 14 oil-producing countries that meets regularly to coordinate policies and set production targets in order to control the supply and price of oil in the global market.
Oligopoly first became an issue during the second half of the nineteenth century.
What is indetail explaination of the answer?Oligopoly first became a major issue in the second half of the nineteenth century. During this time, many industries in the United States were dominated by a small number of large firms that had significant control over prices and output.
One notable example is the steel industry, where firms like Carnegie Steel and U.S. Steel controlled a large share of the market.
These firms often engaged in price-fixing and other anticompetitive practices, leading to concerns about the concentration of economic power and the need for government intervention to promote competition.
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Consider a hypothetical world consisting of only threecountries: Hungary, Australia, and Italy. Each country producesgrain. Hungary is a small economy compared to Australia and Italyand thus cannot influence foreign prices. On the following graph, the supply and demand schedules of Hungary are shown as Sllun and DIIun Foreign supply schedules of grain are perfectly elastic: Australia is a more efficient supplier of grain than Italy because its supply price is $0.80 per bushel (SAus), whereas Italy's supply price is $1.60 per bushel (Sita). ? 8.00 Shum 7.20 6.40 5.60 4.80 PRICE (Dollars) 4.00 3.20 Sita+T SALE +T 2.40 St. С B 1.60 A Saus 0.80 0 0 6 12 54 60 18 24 30 36 42 48 GRAIN (Thousands of bushels) Calculate the quantity of bushels Hungary imports when the three nations engage in free trade. Enter this value in the first row of the following table. Also indicate which country Hungary imports from. Imports (Thousands of bushels) Scenario Imports from ... Free trade With tariff Australia With customs union Italy At some point in time, Hungary decides to protect its domestic grain producers and imposes a tariff of $1.60 per bushel of grain on imports from both Australia and Italy. S Aus+T and Sita+T represent the after-tariff prices for both countries. In the second row of the previous table, enter the quantity of bushels Hungary imports with the tariff and the country it imports from. Later on, Hungary and Italy form a customs union as part of a trade liberalization agreement, while the trade between Hungary and Australia continues with the previous terms. In the last row of the previous table, enter the quantity of bushels Hungary imports with the customs union and the country it imports from. Complete the following table by identifying which trade effect of the customs union formation is represented by each of the shaded areas on the previous graph. Check all that apply. Area Effect A B с Consumption effect Favorable production effect Trade creation effect L 0 Trade diversion effect O True or False: Relative to a global tariff, the effect of creating a customs union in Hungary is negative. True False Welfare effects of a regional trading arrangement are not always static. There are also dynamic gains that influence growth rates over the long run and offset unfavorable static effects due to trade diversion. Which of the following represent dynamic gains from creating a customs union? Check all that apply. Market enlargement Higher tariff revenues Greater monopoly power of domestic producers Economies of scale
In the free trade scenario, Hungary imports grain when the domestic price is above the supply price of Australia and Italy. Since Australia's supply price is $0.80 and Italy's is $1.60, Hungary will import from Australia as it is more efficient.
The equilibrium point lies at the intersection of Dllun and Sllun, which we assume corresponds to a domestic price of $4.00 and a quantity of 24,000 bushels. Thus, Hungary imports 24,000 - 6,000 = 18,000 bushels of grain from Australia. With the tariff of $1.60 per bushel on imports, the new supply prices become $2.40 for Australia (SAus+T) and $3.20 for Italy (Sita+T). Hungary will now import from Australia as it is still the cheaper option. The new equilibrium point lies at the intersection of Dllun and SAus+T, which we assume corresponds to a price of $4.80 and a quantity of 18,000 bushels. Thus, Hungary imports 18,000 - 6,000 = 12,000 bushels of grain from Australia with the tariff.
When Hungary and Italy form a customs union, the tariff on Italian grain is removed. The new equilibrium point lies at the intersection of Dllun and Sita, which we assume corresponds to a price of $4.00 and a quantity of 24,000 bushels. Hungary will now import 24,000 - 6,000 = 18,000 bushels of grain from Italy with the customs union.
Area A represents the consumption effect, while areas B and C represent the trade creation effect. Relative to a global tariff, the effect of creating a customs union in Hungary is negative. False. Dynamic gains from creating a customs union include market enlargement and economies of scale.
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Governor Parson is afraid that corn prices are getting out of control in Missouri. He immediately signs an executive order capping corn prices at $10 per bushel. His economic advisor says "But sir, the price of corn is currently at $7.14." The governor looks at his advisor in a confused manner.Explain why the advisor pointed this fact out to the governor.
The economic advisor pointed out that the current price of corn is $7.14 to inform the governor that the executive order to cap corn prices at $10 per bushel is unnecessary at the current moment.
In fact, the market price for corn is already below the cap that the governor has set. Therefore, there is no need to take any action to control the corn prices as they are already below the desired price limit. Moreover, the advisor may also be trying to highlight the potential negative consequences of setting price controls on the market. Price controls, like the one the governor has proposed, can lead to a shortage of supply, as suppliers may be unwilling or unable to sell at a price lower than what they believe is fair. This could result in an increase in the price of other commodities, and consumers may experience a decline in the quality of goods and services. The advisor may have wanted to raise these concerns to the governor before taking any further action.
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The governor's economic advisor pointed out the current price of corn to him because it shows that the market is currently valuing corn at a lower price than the cap that he wants to impose.
By setting a price ceiling, the governor is essentially creating a price floor for corn that is above the current market equilibrium. This can lead to a surplus of corn, as farmers will produce more corn than consumers are willing to buy at the higher price. In addition, capping prices can discourage investment in the corn industry, as investors will not see the potential for higher profits if the market demand for corn increases in the future. This can ultimately harm the economy in the long run.
Furthermore, setting a price ceiling and lower price can also lead to shortages of corn if the price is set below the cost of production. Farmers may not be willing to produce corn if they are not able to make a profit from it. This can also lead to higher prices for consumers in the long run, as there will be less supply available.
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1. Marginal revenue is equal to price in monopolisticindustries. true false2.Should a competitive firm remain open in the short -run if itis not making a profit, but is able to cover its average variable costs?
If the firm is not making a profit, it should shut-down.
It should remain open in the short-run if price is greater than average variable costs.
It should close, even if it is able to cover its average variable costs.
It should close, even if it is able to cover its average variable cost
1.False. In monopolistic industries, marginal revenue is usually lower than the price due to the downward-sloping demand curve. 2. A competitive firm should remain open in the short-run if it is not making a profit, but is able to cover its average variable costs.
1. False. Marginal revenue in monopolistic industries is less than the price due to the downward sloping demand curve.
2. It should remain open in the short-run if price is greater than average variable costs.
In the short-run, a competitive firm should only shut down if price is less than average variable costs, as they are still covering their variable costs and can potentially earn some revenue to contribute towards fixed costs.
However, in the long-run, if the firm is consistently not making a profit, it should consider shutting down as it is not sustainable for the business.
This is because, in the short-run, covering variable costs allows the firm to minimize losses and continue operations, potentially reaching profitability in the future.
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More on the corporate valuation model Smith and T Co. is expected to generate a free cash flow (FCF) of $7,810.00 million this year
(FCF;=$7,810.00 million), and the FCF is expected to grow at a rate of 26.20% over the following two years (FCF2, and FCF3). After the third year, however, the FCF is expected to grow at a constant rate of 4,26% per year, which will last forever (FCF4). Assume the firm has no nonoperating assets. If Smith and T Co.'s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 12.78%, what is the current total firm value of Smith and T Co.? (Note: Round all intermediate calculations to two decimal places.)$175,556,71 million
$155,344.70 million
$23,345.09 milion
5129,453.92 milition
The answer to the question is $175,556.71 million. To determine the total firm value of Smith and T Co., we need to use the corporate valuation model, which calculates the present value of future cash flows generated by the firm.
In this case, we will use the free cash flows (FCF) as the basis for our calculations. To begin, we need to calculate the FCF for years 2 and 3. To do this, we can use the formula: FCF2 = FCF1 x (1 + g1) and FCF3 = FCF2 x (1 + g2), where g1 and g2 are the growth rates for years 2 and 3, respectively. Plugging in the values given, we get FCF2 = $11,543.66 million and FCF3 = $14,527.70 million. Next, we need to calculate the terminal value of the firm using the formula: TV = FCF4 x (1 + g) / (WACC - g), where g is the perpetual growth rate and FCF4 is the free cash flow in the fourth year. Plugging in the values given, we get TV = $363,534.29 million. Finally, we can calculate the total firm value by discounting all the future cash flows (FCF1-FCF3 and TV) back to their present value using the formula: PV = FCF / [tex](1 + WACC)^n[/tex], where n is the number of years into the future. Adding up all the present values, we get a total firm value of $175,556.71 million.
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The answer to the question is $175,556.71 million. To determine the total firm value of Smith and T Co., we need to use the corporate valuation model, which calculates the present value of future cash flows generated by the firm.
In this case, we will use the free cash flows (FCF) as the basis for our calculations. To begin, we need to calculate the FCF for years 2 and 3. To do this, we can use the formula: FCF2 = FCF1 x (1 + g1) and FCF3 = FCF2 x (1 + g2), where g1 and g2 are the growth rates for years 2 and 3, respectively. Plugging in the values given, we get FCF2 = $11,543.66 million and FCF3 = $14,527.70 million. Next, we need to calculate the terminal value of the firm using the formula: TV = FCF4 x (1 + g) / (WACC - g), where g is the perpetual growth rate and FCF4 is the free cash flow in the fourth year. Plugging in the values given, we get TV = $363,534.29 million. Finally, we can calculate the total firm value by discounting all the future cash flows (FCF1-FCF3 and TV) back to their present value using the formula: PV = FCF / , where n is the number of years into the future. Adding up all the present values, we get a total firm value of $175,556.71 million.
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When not enough overhead cost is applied to products as they are made, the result is A) Underapplied overheadB) Overstatement inventory costC) Overstatement of cost of goods sold D) Overapplied overhead
When not enough overhead cost is applied to products as they are made, the result is Underapplied overhead. The correct option is (a).Underapplied overhead occurs when the actual overhead costs incurred during production exceed the overhead costs allocated to the products.
This can happen if the predetermined overhead rate used for allocating overhead costs to products is lower than the actual overhead costs incurred.Underapplied overhead can have various consequences, such as an understatement of inventory costs and an understatement of the cost of goods sold. When overhead costs are not fully allocated to the products, the costs that should have been included in the inventory and cost of goods sold accounts will not be reflected.
To correct for underapplied overhead, companies need to adjust their overhead allocation process. This can be done by recalculating the predetermined overhead rate based on updated data or by analyzing the factors causing the discrepancy between actual and allocated overhead costs. Once the cause is identified, appropriate adjustments can be made to ensure that products are accurately costed, providing a more accurate representation of the company's financial performance.
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1. In the market for sugar, there has been a discovery of a new technology for more production of the commodity. In that same market, consumers expect price of sugar to fall in the next month. As a student of managerial economics, analyse (with the aid of a well labelled diagram) the effect of these simultaneous occurrences on the equilibrium price and quantity of sugar respectively. Hint: Use the scenario where the magnitude of the supply change is greater than the demand change 2. In the market for sugar, there has been a discovery of a new technology for more production of the commodity. In that same market, consumers expect price of sugar to fall in the next month. As a student of managerial economics, analyse (with the aid of a well labelled diagram) the effect of these simultaneous occurrences on the equilibrium price and quantity of sugar respectively. Hint: Use the scenario where the magnitude of the demand change is greater than the supply change
In scenario 1, with a greater magnitude of supply change, the equilibrium price and quantity of sugar will be affected as follows:
Firstly, the new technology for increased production of sugar will shift the supply curve to the right, indicating an increase in the quantity supplied at every given price level. This will result in a new equilibrium point with a lower price and a higher quantity of sugar.
Secondly, the expected fall in price of sugar by consumers will shift the demand curve to the right, indicating an increase in the quantity demanded at every given price level. This will result in another new equilibrium point with a higher price and a higher quantity of sugar.
Overall, the equilibrium quantity of sugar will increase while the equilibrium price will decrease. This is because the magnitude of the supply change is greater than the demand change, resulting in a larger increase in the quantity supplied than demanded.
A well-labelled diagram for this scenario will show the initial supply and demand curves, the shift in the supply curve to the right, the shift in the demand curve to the right, and the new equilibrium point with a lower price and higher quantity of sugar.
In scenario 2, with a greater magnitude of demand change, the equilibrium price and quantity of sugar will be affected as follows:
Firstly, the new technology for increased production of sugar will shift the supply curve to the right, indicating an increase in the quantity supplied at every given price level. This will result in a new equilibrium point with a lower price and a higher quantity of sugar.
Secondly, the expected fall in price of sugar by consumers will shift the demand curve to the left, indicating a decrease in the quantity demanded at every given price level. This will result in another new equilibrium point with a lower price and a lower quantity of sugar.
Overall, the equilibrium price of sugar will decrease while the equilibrium quantity will depend on the relative magnitude of the supply and demand shifts. However, because the magnitude of the demand change is greater than the supply change, the equilibrium quantity of sugar is expected to decrease.
A well-labelled diagram for this scenario will show the initial supply and demand curves, the shift in the supply curve to the right, the shift in the demand curve to the left, and the new equilibrium point with a lower price and potentially lower quantity of sugar.
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Question 3. 1. An economy is described by the following equations: C = 8 +0.8(Y-T) - 100r, p^P = 10 - 100r, G= 20 NX=0 (Assume it is a closed economy) T= 10. The real interest rate (r), expressed as a decimal, is 0.01. (that is, 1 percent). (i) Find a numerical equation relating planned aggregate expenditure to output. Solve for short run equilibrium output. Round off your answer to 2 decimal places. (2 marks) (ii) Potential output Y* equals 130. What real interest rate should the Reserve Bank (RBA) set to eliminate any output gap? You may take as given that the multiplier for this economy is 5. (3 marks) (iii) Show that the real interest rate you found in part (ii) sets national saving at potential output, defined as y* - C-G, equal to planned investment, IP. (2 marks) (iv)The RBA sets the nominal interest rate rather than the real interest rate as described in the model. Briefly explain how the RBA can affect the real interest rate. (3 marks)
(i) The short run equilibrium output is 125.00.
(ii) The Reserve Bank should set the real interest rate to 3.75% to eliminate the output gap.
(iii) Since S = I at potential output, the real interest rate found in part (ii) sets national saving equal to planned investment.
(iv) The Reserve Bank can use its control over the nominal interest rate to influence the real interest rate, and hence, the level of output in the economy.
(i) The equation for planned aggregate expenditure (PAE) is given by:
PAE = C + I + G
Where C is consumption, I is investment and G is government spending.
Substituting the given equations for consumption and government spending, we get:
PAE = (8 + 0.8(Y - T) - 100r) + I + 2Since NX = 0, we can assume that I = Y. Thus,
PAE = (8 + 0.8(Y - 10) - 100r) + Y + 20
PAE = 1.8Y - 100r + 18
At short run equilibrium, PAE = Y. Therefore,
Y = 1.8Y - 100r + 18
0.8Y = 100r - 18
Y = (100r - 18)/0.8
Y = 125.00
Thus, the short run equilibrium output is 125.00.
(ii) The output gap is the difference between actual output and potential output, expressed as a percentage of potential output. In this case, the output gap is given by:
Output gap = (125.00 - 130)/130 = -0.038
To eliminate the output gap, we need to find the real interest rate that will bring output back to potential output. The formula for the real interest rate is:
r = (1/MPC) - (1 - T/MPC)(G + NX)/Y - T
Given that the multiplier is 5, the MPC is 0.8. Substituting the values, we get:
r = (1/0.8) - (1 - 10/0.8)(20 + 0)/130 - 10
r = 0.0375 or 3.75%
Thus, the Reserve Bank should set the real interest rate to 3.75% to eliminate the output gap.
(iii) National saving is given by:
S = Y - C - G
At potential output, Y* = 130, and C = 8 + 0.8(Y* - T) - 100r
Substituting the values, we get:
C = 8 + 0.8(130 - 10) - 100(0.0375)
C = 97.50
S = Y* - C - G
S = 130 - 97.50 - 20
S = 12.50
Planned investment is given by:
I = Y - PAE
At potential output, Y* = 130, and PAE = Y* = 130
Thus,
I = Y* - PAE
I = 130 - 130
I = 0
Since S = I at potential output, the real interest rate found in part (ii) sets national saving equal to planned investment.
(iv) The Reserve Bank can affect the real interest rate by adjusting the nominal interest rate. The nominal interest rate is the rate that is directly set by the Reserve Bank. To determine the real interest rate, we adjust the nominal interest rate for inflation. If the Reserve Bank raises the nominal interest rate, this will increase the real interest rate, as long as inflation does not increase by an equal amount. Similarly, if the Reserve Bank lowers the nominal interest rate, this will decrease the real interest rate, again assuming that inflation does not increase by an equal amount. Thus, the Reserve Bank can use its control over the nominal interest rate to influence the real interest rate, and hence, the level of output in the economy.
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__________ influences on consumer behavior results from three sources: consumer socialization, passage through the family life cycle, and decision-making within the family or household.
Social influences on consumer behavior result from three sources: consumer socialization, passage through the family life cycle, and decision-making within the family or household.
Consumer attitudes, beliefs, and consumption-related behaviours can be influenced by these factors. The process by which people pick up the knowledge, skills, and values required to function as consumers in society is referred to as consumer socialisation. The stages that families go through as they mature and change, which might have an impact on their consumption habits, are referred to as the family life cycle.
Decision-making within the family or household refers to the process of making purchase decisions collectively, taking into account the preferences and needs of all members. Understanding these social influences can help marketers develop effective marketing strategies that resonate with their target audiences.
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Question 3/4 [25 pts] DOVODOM Consider the Monetary Intertemporal Model, suppose that the money supply is fixed for all time. Assume suddenly, the stock of current capital decreases after a natural disaster occurs. Assume all agents have perfect information. 1. How will you expect the N$(r), Nd, ys, and yd curves to shift? Give the driver of each shift and illustrate your results using some appropriate graphs. [10 pts] 2. What are the final effects on the current equilibrium output, the employment, the real wage, the real interest rate, and the price level. Explain your results. [10 pts] 3. Assuming the Central Bank is using an Inflation Targeting Policy, how will it respond to this shock? (05 pts] 09 4. Describe a market operation that can be used by the Central Bank to effectively imple- 9 ment this money supply adjustment.
(1) The graphs will shift to left with a fall in capital and output respectively. (2) The current equilibrium output, the employment, the real wage and the price level will fall while the real interest rate rise. (3) It would increase expenditure and increase economic functioning. (4) An open market operation where securities will be sold and bought can be carried out by the central bank.
1. In the Monetary Intertemporal Model with a fixed money supply, a natural disaster that decreases the stock of current capital will have the following effects on the N$(r), Nd, Ys, and Yd curves:
- N$(r): The demand for labor curve will shift to the left due to the decreased capital, leading to lower production levels and fewer laborers being employed.
- Nd: The demand for goods curve will shift to the left, as lower production results in reduced income and spending.
- Ys: The supply of goods curve will also shift to the left because of the lower production capacity caused by the reduced capital stock.
- Yd: The demand for goods curve, as mentioned earlier, will shift to the left due to lower income and spending.
2. The final effects on the current equilibrium output, employment, real wage, real interest rate, and price level are as follows:
- Equilibrium output: Decreases due to lower production capacity.
- Employment: Decreases as a result of the reduced demand for labor.
- Real wage: Decreases due to the lower demand for labor and reduced production.
- Real interest rate: Increases as the reduced output and spending lead to higher saving rates.
- Price level: Decreases as a result of reduced demand for goods.
3. If the Central Bank is using an Inflation Targeting Policy, it will likely respond to the shock by decreasing interest rates to stimulate economic activity, making borrowing cheaper and encouraging spending to counteract the negative effects of the natural disaster.
4. The Central Bank can implement an open market operation to adjust the money supply effectively. In this case, it would purchase government bonds or other securities in the open market, injecting money into the economy and thus lowering interest rates, which would stimulate economic activity and aid in recovery from the natural disaster.
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Question One: Multiple Choice Questions (10 Marks) 1. A policy-induced movement along the production possibility frontier can be justified in terms of ... a) the Pareto criterion b) the Bergson criterion. c) the Pareto and Bergson criterion. d) None of the above options are correct
In terms of a) the Pareto criterion, a policy-induced movement along the production possibility frontier can be justified.
A policy is a purposeful set of guidelines created to control behaviour and generate reasonable results. A policy is a statement of goals that is implemented through a process or routine. Typically, an organization's governance body adopts policies. Policymaking can be advantageous for both rational and irrational decision-making.
Senior management frequently uses policies in subjective decision-making to assist with decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a range of aspects and are therefore frequently challenging to evaluate objectively.
The work-life balance policy is an illustration of how such a guideline might be put into practice. Governments and other institutions enact a wide range of policies, such as laws, rules, instructions, administrative processes, financial incentives, and unofficial customs.
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Question 2 (1 point)
The old Michigan football coach had only two strategies, Run the Ball to the Left Side of the line, and Run the Ball to the Right Side.
The defense can concentrate either on the left side or the right side of Michigan’s line.
If the opponent concentrates on the wrong side, Michigan is sure to gain at least 5 yards.
If the defense defended the left side and Michigan ran left, Michigan would be stopped for no gain.
But if the opponent defended the right side when Michigan ran right, Michigan would still gain at least 5 yards with probability .70.
It is the last play of the game and Michigan needs to gain 5 yards to win.
Both sides choose Nash equilibrium strategies.
In Nash equilibrium, Michigan would:
Question 2 options:
a. run to the right side with probability .77.
b. run to the right side with probability .50.
c. run to the right side with probability .70.
d. be sure to run to the right side.
e. run to the right side with probability .87.
The correct answer is (c) run to the right side with probability .70.
How option c is right one?In Nash equilibrium, both sides are playing their best response strategy given the opponent's strategy.
If Michigan runs to the left side, the defense will defend that side and Michigan will be stopped for no gain. Therefore, Michigan should not run to the left side.
If Michigan runs to the right side with probability less than .70, the defense will concentrate on the left side.
In this case, Michigan's expected gain would be less than 5 yards, which is not sufficient to win the game. Therefore, Michigan should not run to the right side with probability less than .70.
If Michigan runs to the right side with probability greater than .70, the defense will concentrate on the right side.
In this case, Michigan's expected gain would be less than 5 yards, which is not sufficient to win the game. Therefore, Michigan should not run to the right side with probability greater than .70.
Therefore, the only Nash equilibrium strategy for Michigan is to run to the right side with probability .70.
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It is legal for a lender to charge a prepayment penalty.a. Trueb. False
True. It is legal for a lender to charge a prepayment penalty, although not all lenders do so. A prepayment penalty is a fee charged by a lender if a borrower pays off their loan early or makes extra payments beyond the agreed-upon amount. The purpose of a prepayment penalty is to compensate the lender for the loss of interest they would have earned if the borrower had continued to make payments according to the original schedule.
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(2) Two competing firms are each planning to introduce a new product. Each will decide whether to produce Product A, Product B, or Product C. They will make their choices at the same time. The resulti ng payoffs are shown to the right Are there any Nash equilibria in pure strategies? If so, then what are they? A. The Nash equilibria are for Firm 1 to introduce Product B and Firm 2 to introduce Product C and for Firm 1 to introduce Product C and Firm 2 to introduce Product B. B. The Nash equilibria are for Firm 1 to introduce Product A and Firm 2 to introduce Product C and for Firm 1 to introduce Product C and Firm 2 to introduce Product A. C. The Nash equilibria are for both firms to introduce Product B and for both firms to introduce Product A. D. The Nash equilibria are for Firm 1 to introduce Product A and Firm 2 to introduce Product B and for Firm 1 to introduce Product B and Firm 2 to introduce Product A E There are no Nash equilibria.
The Nash equilibria are for Firm 1 to introduce Product A and Firm 2 to introduce Product C and for Firm 1 to introduce Product C and Firm 2 to introduce Product A.
The Nash equilibria are for both firms to introduce Product B and for both firms to introduce Product A.
The Nash equilibria are for Firm 1 to introduce Product A and Firm 2 to introduce Product B and for Firm 1 to introduce Product B and Firm 2 to introduce Product A.
The correct options are B, C, and D.
In this scenario, each firm has three options to choose from when introducing a new product. The payoffs for each combination of choices are given in the table. To find the Nash equilibria, we need to identify the strategies that each firm will choose if they know what the other firm will choose.
Option A: If Firm 1 chooses Product A, then Firm 2's best response is to choose Product B. However, if Firm 2 chooses Product B, then Firm 1's best response is to choose Product A instead. This is not a Nash equilibrium because neither firm's choice is a best response to the other's.
Option B: If Firm 1 chooses Product C, then Firm 2's best response is to choose Product A. If Firm 2 chooses Product A, then Firm 1's best response is to choose Product C. This is a Nash equilibrium because both firms are making their best possible choice given what the other firm is doing.
Option C: If both firms choose Product B, then neither firm can improve their payoff by changing their choice. This is a Nash equilibrium.
Option D: If Firm 1 chooses Product A, then Firm 2's best response is to choose Product B. If Firm 2 chooses Product B, then Firm 1's best response is to choose Product A. This is a Nash equilibrium.
Option E: There are no Nash equilibria where both firms choose different products because each firm has a dominant strategy (i.e., they can always choose a product that gives them a better payoff, regardless of what the other firm chooses). Firm 1's dominant strategy is to choose Product A, and Firm 2's dominant strategy is to choose Product C.
Therefore, the Nash equilibria in pure strategies are options B, C, and D.
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An organization that wants to eliminate layers in favor of creating a culture where employees have more power should consider adopting a _____ organizational structure.typicalstabilizedflattenedhierarchical
An organization that wants to eliminate layers in favor of creating a culture where employees have more power should consider adopting a flattened organizational structure, option C.
The power, control, and reporting structures for workers are determined by the organisational structure of a corporation. For instance, in a hierarchical system, front-line managers report to the employees. Middle managers are subordinate to these front-line supervisors. Top-level managers are responsible for these managers. For the purposes of representing power, control, and communication, this structure often forms a pyramid.
There aren't many layers of management in an organisational structure that is flat. As a result, employees will directly report to senior supervisors. As a result, both lower-level managers and employees share responsibility for middle management. In most cases, it translates to more power and freedom for the employee. The absence of several levels of bureaucracy inside the organisation may also increase efficiency. This organisational structure may help more independent workers feel motivated.
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Complete question:
An organization that wants to eliminate layers in favor of creating a culture where employees have more power should consider adopting a _____ organizational structure.
typicalstabilizedflattenedhierarchicalExplain why the loss of manufacturing companies in the UnitedStates is compatible with the logic of free trade and might beconsidered a positive outcome
The decline of manufacturing in the United States may cause short-term disruptions, it is compatible with the logic of free trade and could yield positive outcomes in the long run.
What's the reason of manufacturing companies's lossThe loss of manufacturing companies in the United States aligns with the logic of free trade and can be viewed as a positive outcome for several reasons.
Firstly, free trade promotes global specialization, allowing countries to focus on producing goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. Consequently, the US may shift its resources to sectors like technology or finance, driving economic growth and higher living standards.
Secondly, consumers benefit from free trade through access to a wider variety of products at lower prices.
Importing goods produced more efficiently in other countries allows US consumers to allocate their resources more effectively, increasing their purchasing power and overall welfare. Lastly, free trade fosters international cooperation and interdependence, reducing the likelihood of conflicts between nations.
The loss of some manufacturing jobs in the US can be seen as a necessary trade-off to reap the long-term benefits of globalization, economic growth, and diplomatic relations.
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When managers meet to discuss _________, topics on the agenda include how tasks will be assigned, reporting relationships, and how to coordinate effort across departments.
When managers meet to discuss Organizational structure , topics on the agenda include how tasks will be assigned, reporting relationships, and how to coordinate effort across departments.
Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization's activities are divided, organized and coordinated. When managers meet to discuss organizational structure, they typically focus on topics such as how tasks will be assigned, reporting relationships, and how to coordinate effort across departments.
For example, they might discuss formalizing job descriptions and roles, and how to ensure that everyone is held accountable for their work. They might also discuss ways to optimize communication and collaboration between departments, or how to ensure that everyone is working towards the same goals.
Additionally, they might discuss ways to ensure that the organization’s resources are being used efficiently and effectively. Ultimately, the goal of these meetings is to ensure that the organization’s activities are organized in a way that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness.
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nventions that succeed in finding a market move on to the ______ stage
The next stage for inventions that successfully find a market is typically the growth stage. During this phase, the product or service gains wider acceptance and demand increases, often resulting in increased production and sales.
Companies may also invest in marketing and advertising to further promote their product and increase brand awareness. At this point, businesses may also focus on improving the product or developing new features to stay ahead of competitors and meet the evolving needs of their customers.
In some cases, the growth stage may also involve expanding into new markets or territories. Overall, the growth stage is a critical period for any successful invention as it sets the stage for long-term success and sustainability.
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