Scientists hypothesize that photosynthetic bacteria were engulfed by other, larger cells and eventually evolved to become the organelles we now call chloroplasts. This hypothesis is known as the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of chloroplasts.
According to this theory, around 1.5 billion years ago, a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell, but instead of digesting it, the two cells entered into a mutually beneficial relationship. The photosynthetic prokaryote provided the eukaryotic cell with a source of energy in the form of sugars produced through photosynthesis, while the eukaryotic cell provided the prokaryote with protection and a supply of nutrients.
Over time, the two cells became more integrated, with the photosynthetic prokaryote evolving into a specialized organelle within the eukaryotic cell that we now call a chloroplast. This integration was facilitated by the transfer of genes from the prokaryote to the eukaryotic host, a process known as endosymbiotic gene transfer.
The endosymbiotic theory is supported by several lines of evidence, including similarities in the structure and function of chloroplasts and modern-day photosynthetic bacteria, as well as the presence of chloroplasts in some protists and plants that are closely related to photosynthetic bacteria.
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light consists of , which are discrete packets of kinetic energy.
Photons are individual energy packets that makeup light. Yet, Albert Einstein's study of the photoelectric phenomenon shows that light is made up of distinct particles known as photons.
Light energy is either continuous or discrete.Light is a continuous phenomenon both as an electromagnetic wave's manifestation and as a stream of radiation. This stream is composed of photons, discrete energy quanta, according to quantum mechanics.
A discrete packet is what?It is a discrete packet. The quantum. An illustration of a "light quantum" is a photon, which is a single quantum of light (or of any other type of electromagnetic radiation). The energy of an electron that is coupled to an atom is similarly quantized and can only take on specific discrete values.
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Which of these describes the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?ends when ovulation begins
The follicular phase, which last for for 13 to 14 days and culminates in ovulation, begins around the first night of your period.
A hormone is released by the lobe of the pituitary gland to promote the growth of follicle on the surface of the an ovary. Most of the time, just one follicle will develop into an egg. The maturation the ovarian follicles to ready one of them just for release during ovulate is a part of the follicular phase of a female menstrual cycle. The ovarian phase is sometimes referred to as the active phase since endometrial alterations are occurring at the same time. The follicular phase comes to an end at ovulation, and the luteal phase begins. The dominant ovary that delivered the mature egg varies during the luteal phase.
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the classification of an organism and the scientific name of an organism are different because ____.
The classification of an organism and the scientific name of an organism are different because the full classification of the organism basically include more categories of organisms as compared to their scientific names.
Full classification of an organism involves is all the different levels which are the kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, as well as species.
A scientific name of a particular organism on the other hand contains information only about its genus as well as species. For example, Panthera tigris is the scientific name of a tiger and in this Panthera is the name of the genus and tigris is the name of the species.
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gene a is thought to be associated with color blindness. the protein corresponding to gene a is isolated. analysis of the protein recovered shows there are actually two different proteins that differ in molecular weight that correspond to gene a. what is one reason why there may be two proteins corresponding to the gene? group of answer choices
One possible reason for the presence of two different proteins corresponding to gene A is alternative splicing.
What does alternative splicing mean?Alternative splicing is a mechanism that allows a single pre-mRNA transcript to be processed in different ways to produce multiple mRNA variants, which in turn can lead to the production of different protein iso-forms with distinct functions. This process occurs during gene expression, after the DNA in a gene is transcribed into a pre-mRNA molecule, which still contains non-coding regions called introns, as well as coding regions called exon.
During alternative splicing, specific exon and introns may be included or excluded from the final mRNA molecule, resulting in different combinations of exon in the mRNA sequence. This can lead to the production of different protein iso-forms with different structures and functions, even though they are encoded by the same gene.
A single gene can produce two different protein Iso-forms: one that includes a specific exon, and another that excludes that exon. The resulting proteins may have different functions, or may have the same function but differ in their regulation or stability.
It is a complex and regulated process that is mediated by a large number of proteins, including splicing factors and regulatory elements such as enhancers and silencers. This process allows for a high degree of flexibility and diversity in gene expression, enabling a single gene to produce multiple protein iso-forms with different functions, which is important for normal development and cellular processes, and can also contribute to disease when disrupted.
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“CRISPR” (pronounced “crisper”) stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. These repeats can be used to locate specific areas of genetic code so changes can be made. The technology can be used for editing genes of different types of organisms. Why is this possible?
CRISPR technology is possible because of the unique nature of the CRISPR-Cas system found in bacteria and archaea.
What is genetic?Genetics refers to the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It involves the study of how traits are passed down from one generation to the next, and how they are expressed in individuals. Genes are the units of heredity that are responsible for determining an individual's physical and biological characteristics. They are made up of DNA, the molecule that carries the genetic information in living organisms. Genetic information can be used to study evolutionary relationships between organisms, and to develop treatments and cures for genetic diseases.
Here,
This system uses RNA molecules to target specific sequences of DNA and can cut the DNA at those locations. Scientists have been able to harness this system to create a tool that can be used to make precise edits to the DNA of various organisms. The CRISPR-Cas system works by creating a specific RNA molecule that can recognize a target DNA sequence. The RNA molecule is then paired with an enzyme that can cut the DNA at that location.
By changing the RNA sequence, scientists can change the target location of the enzyme, allowing for precise editing of the DNA. This technology has many potential applications in research, medicine, and biotechnology.
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In cross ii, the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent is:________
In cross ii, the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent is: CcBb .In genetic crosses, the allelic combinations that translate the phenotypes are called genotypes, and thus, the designations aa, Aa and AA represent the genotypes.
In crosses of single-gene inheritance, in which there are dominance relationships, two different genotypes (Aa and AA) reproduce the same phenotypes. And when a cross occurs, both phenotypic and genotypic proportions can be observed.
With this information, we can conclude that the genotype in the second cross was heterogametic.
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all living things need energy to survive. What cell organelle is responsible for producing chemical energy for the cell?
All living things need energy to survive. Mitochondria is responsible for producing chemical energy for the cell.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles. It produces most of the chemical energy that is needed to power the biochemical reactions of the cell. The Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is generally stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The functions of mitochondria are production of ATP( Perhaps the most well-known role of mitochondria is the production of ATP, the energy currency of cells.), calcium Homeostasis, Regulation of Innate Immunity, Programmed Cell Death, Stem Cell Regulation.
Mitochondria play an essential role in creating energy to drive cellular function and basically all of our biological processes.
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I need help with my earth systems homework Name: Date What is the color of the stars with the highest surface temperature? Period- What is the color of the stars with the lowest surface temperature? List the color of the stars from hottest to coldest: Most of the stars on the HR Diagram are classified as which type of star? high temperature but low luminosity? What type of star has high temperature and high luminosity? What type of star has low temperature but high luminosity? What type of star has low temperature and low luminosity? 12 What type of star has plotted determine their color and type 13 Plot the stars A - E Once Luminosity Color Letter Temperature 10 6,000 k 10 20,000 k 10 20,000 k 10 2,500k Type of Star 10 4000 k'
Blue or blue-white is the color of the stars with the highest surface temperatures.
2. Red stars have the coldest surface temperatures.
3. From hottest to coldest, the colors of the stars are blue, blue-white, white, yellow-white, orange, and red.
What is brightness?The total amount of energy that a star produces in a given amount of time is known as its luminosity, and it is typically measured in solar luminosities or watts. A star's intrinsic brightness, or the amount of energy produced by nuclear reactions in its core, is measured by this metric. Because it is related to their size, temperature, and lifespan, luminosity is an essential characteristic of stars. Astronomers can learn about the physical properties of stars, their evolutionary history, and the properties of the galaxies in which they are located by studying their luminosity.
4. The HR Diagram majority of stars belong to the main sequence.
5. Supergiants are stars with a lot of light and a high temperature.
6. Giants are stars with a high luminosity but a low temperature.
7. White dwarfs are stars with low temperatures and low luminosities.
8. Because the luminosity and temperature values are not assigned to specific stars, it is not possible to identify the type of star for each of the plotted stars (A-E) based on the information provided.
9. Matching the luminosity and temperature values to a particular star classification is necessary in order to determine the type of star based on the information provided. For instance, a star with a luminosity of 10 and a temperature of 6,000 K is probably a main sequence star, while a star with a luminosity of 10 and a temperature of 2,500 K is probably a giant or supergiant.
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madeline just got a new telescope for her birthday while using it for the first time she noticed two stars in the milky way galaxy and identifies them as supergiants what else would she be able to determine based on this knowledge
Madeline recognizes two stars with in milky way galaxy as supergiants for the first time. Based on this information, she would be able to conclude that a supergiants are bigger, brighter, and so more massive than giant stars.
Explain about the supergiants?The biggest radius of any known star is found in supergiants. From massive main-sequence stars, they develop.
Eight to 200 times overall mass of a Sun can be found in supergiants! They are also very brilliant. A supergiant has a brightness equal to one million Suns.Supergiants can be either red or blue in color. Surface temperatures of red supergiants are sub-4,100 K. For a star, this is incredibly cool since it gives them a crimson glow. Red supergiant Betelgeuse is located with in constellation of Orion. Supergiants in the blue are significantly hotter. These are the hottest stars in the entire universe because of their temperature range of 12,000 to 15,000 K. A blue supergiant seems to be the star Rigel in Orion.Madeline recognizes two stars with in milky way galaxy as supergiants for the first time.
Thus, based on this information, she would be able to conclude that a supergiants are bigger, brighter, and so more massive than giant stars.
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what kind of evidence supports the classification of all organisms into the three-domain system?
The classification of all living organisms into the three-domain system (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) is supported by a range of different types of evidence.
Comparative biochemistry: The three domains of life have fundamental biochemical differences that reflect their evolutionary history. For example, the enzymes and metabolic pathways of Archaea are more similar to those of Eukarya than to those of Bacteria, suggesting that Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria.
Comparative genomics: Analysis of DNA and RNA sequences from different organisms has revealed a great deal about their evolutionary relationships. Comparisons of complete genomes have provided strong evidence that Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are distinct domains of life.
Comparative morphology: Observations of the structure and form of cells and tissues of different organisms can provide evidence of evolutionary relationships. However, morphology alone is not sufficient to classify organisms into domains.
Biogeography: The distribution of organisms across the globe can provide evidence of their evolutionary history. For example, the distribution of certain groups of Archaea in extreme environments, such as hot springs or deep-sea hydrothermal vents, supports the hypothesis that these organisms represent ancient lineages of life.
Phylogenetic analysis: The study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms using molecular and genetic data has become a powerful tool for classification. By comparing DNA and RNA sequences, researchers can construct phylogenetic trees that show the evolutionary relationships among different organisms.
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What is the correct flow of organization in biological systemsA. tissue → cell → fiber → organB. cell → fiber → tissue → organ sysfibeC. fiber → tissue → organ system → populationD. cell → tissue → organ → organ system
The correct flow of organization in biological systems is D. cell → tissue → organ → organ system.
This flow of organization is based on the concept of hierarchy, where the basic unit of life is the cell, which is organized into different tissues with specific functions, that work together to form organs with more complex functions, and organs combine to form organ systems with even more complex functions. This hierarchical organization is necessary for the proper functioning of biological systems, as each level of organization has its own specific role that contributes to the overall function of the organism. For example, the digestive system is made up of different organs like the stomach, pancreas, and intestines that work together to digest and absorb nutrients from food.
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what is muscles of a cat
The skeletal muscles of the cat are comparable to those of many other species, including humans.
Some of the most well-known skeletal muscles are the forearms, biceps, gluteal muscles, deltoids, and trapezius. A cat's skeleton contains 517 muscles. A cat's ears have 32 musculature.
The Bengal, an exotic hybrid that is the most powerful cat in terms of endurance and physical strength, is one of the strongest cats. It was developed as a cross between the Egyptian Mau and other domestic cats, as well as the Asiatic leopard cat.
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What are the 7 main types of antibiotics?
a rh negative individual has produced an anti-d antibody. which situation has the ability to stimulate this production of anti-d?
A person who is rh negative has made an anti-d antibody.Anti-D typically develops after transfusion of RhD-positive blood products to RhD-negative patients or FMH in D-negative women carrying D-positive foetuses.
Our blood will be examined for the antibodies, also referred to as anti-D antibodies, that kill red blood cells that are RhD positive if you are RhD negative. If your child has blood that is RhD positive, you may have been exposed to them while you were pregnant. The presence of foetal red blood cells in the maternal circulation triggers the formation of anti-D antibodies; this maternal immune response to the foetal Rhesus antigen is referred to as "sensitization" or "immunisation."
Moreover, the Rh antibodies do not activate the complement system.
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The SA node is responsible for initiating the heartbeat and is known as the _____________ of the heart
On the membrane of the SA node, ACh binds to a receptor known as an M2 muscarinic receptor.
Describe a membrane?Generally speaking, this structure is known also as phospholipid bilayer. Membrane proteins & sugars are important building blocks of the structure and activities of the cell membrane in addition to the many lipid types that are present in biological membranes: It isolates the cells from of the external medium as well as from one another. It gives the cell a clear shape.
Describe a cell.?The basic biological, structural, and functional components of all living things are cells. A cell is capable of independent reproduction. As a result, they are referred to as the foundation of life. unit that is membrane-bound and includes the basic components of life
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The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT _____. visiontouchsmellhearing
The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses except smell, which means option C is the right answer.
Thalamus is the part of brain whose main function is to assist in transfer of information between motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. Thalamus carries stimulated signals produced by sensory organs such as mouth, skin, eyes and ears. The nerve fibers project out of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in all directions so that it can enable easy exchange of information. It also regulates consciousness and alertness. Smelling is the only sense which thalamus cannot process. Odors take a direct route to the limbic system, including the amygdala and the hippocampus.
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Refer to complete question below:
The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT _____.
visiontouchsmellhearingwhat is called partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach
The partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is called chyme.
When the food enters the stomach, the fluids and enzymes secreted by the stomach and the other organs slowly empty its contents. The food material which gets digested partially is called chyme.
Thus, chyme is the food material that enters the small intestine of the human body. The pancreas, liver, and intestine are the organs that secrete digestive juices into the small intestines. The muscles of the small intestine mix the food with digestive juices which are secreted from these organs with the partially digested food materials. In addition, the muscles of the small intestine help to push the food materials forward for further digestion. A milky bodily fluid that consists of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids is called Chyle. The region which is dome-shaped in the stomach above and to the left of the cardiac region is called Fundus.
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as an experiment, you infect bacteria with an unknown virus to see how the virus affects the bacteria. after a few days, you notice that the bacterial population is growing normally and that the cells appear healthy. assuming that the infection occurred successfully, what can you conclude from your observations?
From observations, it can concluded that the virus does not have a negative impact on the bacterial population. The virus does not appear to be harmful to the bacteria, as the population is continuing to grow normally and the cells appear healthy.
What does bacterial population?Bacterial population refers to the total number of bacteria living in a certain environment or habitat. This includes all the different species of bacteria living in the area and their relative abundance. It is important to understand the bacterial population in a given area in order to understand how these bacteria interact with each other, how they interact with their environment, and how they may affect human health. Bacterial populations can be studied using various techniques such as microscopy, culturing, and molecular methods.
From observations, it can be concluded that the virus does not appear to be affecting the bacteria in a harmful way. It is possible that the virus may be providing a benefit to the bacteria, such as an additional source of nutrients or protection from other environmental factors. Alternatively, it is also possible that the virus is neutral and not causing any harm or benefit to the bacteria.
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how did the phenotype of the fittest individual change over time
Answer:
how did the phenotype of the fittest individual change over time
Explanation:
True/False. digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.
It is TRUE that the digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.
The lipids that have been digested from the colon are absorbed by lymph capillaries called lacteals. Lacteals, specialized lymphatic veins, are found in the lining of the small intestine. They are in charge of collecting nutrients that are fat-soluble from the small intestine and transporting them to the bloodstream through the lymphatic system. Larger molecules like lipids can be absorbed by lacteals since they have larger openings than blood capillaries. Ingested lipids and proteins combine to generate chylomicrons, which are ultimately transported and released into the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. Once the lipids have been absorbed, the lymphatic system transports them to the thoracic duct, where they eventually enter the bloodstream.
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xylem tissue forms an x-shaped structure in the ______________ of ____________ plants.
Centre of dicotyleonus plants. Xylem is a form of vascular tissue that is found in plants and is largely responsible for moving water and nutrients from the roots to the stem and leaves.
Four distinct types of components make up xylem:
Tracheids, vessels, Xylem fibre, and Xylem parenchyma.
The xylem parenchyma's primary roles include the following:
Keeping food in storage as crystals, lipids, tannins, and starches
The ray parenchymatous cell conducts water by radial conduction.
Via growths known as tyloses, xylem parenchyma cells are intimately attached to vessels or tracheids.
These tyloses assist in preventing vascular tissue damage in times of famine or infection.
When the cavity is blocked, the vessels and tracheids' functioning is restored in part by xylem parenchyma cells.
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what are the eleven body systems
The integumentary, muscular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems are among the 11 organ systems in body.
Other organ systems also include lymphatic, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic-lymphatic, respiratory, and digestive-gastro-intestinal-nervous systems. The 14 disability systems that the VA identifies are comparable to the body systems. Eleven organ systems make up the human body. They include the integumentary system, skeleton, muscle, peripheral nerves, endocrine, cardiovascular system, lymph vessels, respiratory system, digestive tract, urinary system, or reproductive functions (Female and Male). The brain, together with the neurological system that connects to it, is the most important organ system in the human body, even though your heart is also a key organ. Every action and movement your body performs is coordinated by the human neurological system.
(what are the eleven body systems?)
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how did scientists know that genes had to be made up of either dna or protein?
Answer:
they studied at various characteristics of the genes
as pressure increases in lymphatic capillaries, fluid is allowed to regurgitate back into the tissues, true/false
Answer: B. False
give me crown please
Explanation: (Prevents black flow/ regurgitation)
When conducting a risk assessment of a pathogen, the strain (i.e. bovis) of the organism is not essential, Genus alone (i.e. Mycobacterium) is sufficient to complete the review.
a. true
b. false
The adage "When completing a risk assessment of a pathogen, the genus alone (i.e. Mycobacterium) is sufficient to complete the review" is TRUE.
What is Mycobacterium?
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria that includes several species, some of which can cause human diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. These bacteria are characterized by a waxy, lipid-rich cell wall that makes them resistant to many common disinfectants and antibiotics. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the species that causes tuberculosis, is a significant global public health threat, causing millions of infections and deaths each year. In addition to causing human diseases, Mycobacterium species are also found in the environment and can infect animals, including livestock and wildlife.
A risk assessment is an evaluation of the likelihood and potential consequences of a specific hazard or threat, such as a pathogenic microorganism. The goal of a risk assessment is to identify and evaluate the risks associated with the hazard in question, and to develop strategies to mitigate or manage those risks.
When conducting a risk assessment of a pathogen, the focus is on the characteristics of the organism that make it hazardous, such as its ability to cause disease, its virulence, and its resistance to treatment or disinfection. These characteristics are generally associated with the genus of the pathogen, rather than the strain or specific subtype.
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Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
A. Alveoli
B. Trachea
C. Larynx
D. Nasal cavity
E. Bronchi
The conducting section of the respiratory system does not include alveoli.
What does the term "respiratory system" mean?The respiratory system is a biological system found in both plants and animals that is made up of certain organs and structures used for gas exchange. The anatomy and physiology that contribute to this vary considerably depending on the size of the creature, its habitat of habitation, and its evolutionary history.
The respiratory system is what?Your lungs, airways, and blood arteries are part of it. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that move your lungs. Together, these elements aid in the body's oxygen circulation and waste gas elimination.
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Which of the following is not a uniform feature of cellular life?
cell membrane
nucleus
ribosomes
Option 2 is Correct. The nucleus is not a constant aspect of cellular life. The plasma membrane, an outer limiting membrane, is one characteristic shared by all cells.
Also, all eukaryotic cells have complex internal membrane systems that divide the cell into different compartments that are sealed off by membranes. Lipids and proteins combine to form cell membranes. Four elements are found in every cell: the cytoplasm, a jelly-like area inside the cell where other biological components are located.
The plasma membrane, an outer layer that divides the interior of the cell from its surrounding environment; the DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and the ribosomes.
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Correct Question:
Which of the following is not a uniform feature of cellular life?
1. cell membrane
2. nucleus
3. ribosomes
Why is the classification of organisms important?
Answer:
provides useful information about its evolutionary history and which other organisms are related to it.
Explanation:
Organisms are usually grouped together based on their unique characteristics. The classification of an organism often provides useful information about its evolutionary history and which other organisms are related to it.
Which of these is NOT a component of the cell cytoskeleton? microfilament cellulose fibril microtubule intermediate filament. cellulose fibril.
Cellulose fibril is not a component of the cell cytoskeleton. The correct option is Option D.
The cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments usually present on the surface of the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaebacteria. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the surface of cell membrane and is composed of similar types of proteins in various organisms. Cellulose fibrils have a mechanical load-bearing function such as tensile materials in primary and secondary cell walls. In this context, water certainly has strong effects on the mechanical behavior of cellulosic systems. Cellulose is primarily found on the surface of the secondary cell membrane. It is a polymeric structural component of the cell wall in plants.
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Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by A. Pasteur. B. Lister. C. Jenner. D. Kitasato.
Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by B. Lister.
Joseph Lister was a British surgeon widely regarded as the founder of antiseptic surgery.
After studying the work of Louis Pasteur, who demonstrated the germ theory of disease, he developed the concept of antiseptic surgery in the 1860s. Lister recognised that the presence of microorganisms in the wound caused many surgical infections, and he developed techniques for sterilising surgical instruments and creating a sterile environment in the operating room to prevent infections.
Lister's antiseptic surgery techniques revolutionised the field of surgery and significantly reduced the incidence of surgical infections. His legacy lives on today through the use of antiseptic techniques in all aspects of healthcare.
Antiseptic surgery is a surgical technique that employs the use of antiseptic agents to stop and regulate the growth of microorganisms that can result in infection in the surgical wound. Joseph Lister pioneered the use of antiseptic techniques in surgery in the late 1800s, and it revolutionised the field of surgery.
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