Answer:
False. Supporting material can be used during the introduction of a speech to capture the audience's attention and to provide context for the topic being discussed. For example, a speaker might use a quotation, anecdote, or statistic to introduce their topic and to create interest among the audience. However, it is important to use supporting material judiciously and to ensure that it is relevant to the topic of the speech. Overuse of supporting material or the inclusion of irrelevant or confusing information can detract from the effectiveness of the introduction and make it more difficult to engage the audience.
the primary way Brahms differentiates each variation is by changing the __________.a) modeb) meterc) tempod) orchestration
Brahms primarily distinguishes each variation by altering the (d) orchestration. He skillfully utilizes different instruments and combinations to create a unique character and texture for each variation, allowing the listener to distinguish between them.
Orchestration: The execution of a broader workflow or process requires orchestration, which is the coordination and management of many computer systems, applications, and/or services. These procedures may include a number of automated tasks and may involve a number of different systems.
What kind of orchestration is that?
When used specifically, the phrase orchestration refers to the manner that instruments are employed to represent any musical element, such as melody, harmony, or rhythm. The notes C, E, and G, for instance, make up the chord in the key of C.
To know more about Orchestration:
https://brainly.com/question/14926588
#SPJ11
As Devorah was just learning how to play racquetball, she did worse when in the presence of others. This is a phenomenon known as __________.
As Devorah was just learning how to play racquetball, she did worse when in the presence of others. This is a phenomenon known as social disruption.
Social disruption is a phenomenon that occurs when the presence of others impairs an individual's performance on a task that they can already perform proficiently or that they are currently learning. Social disruption can be caused by a number of factors, such as increased arousal, distraction, and self-consciousness.
In the case of Devorah, her performance in racquetball was disrupted by the presence of others. This is likely due to the increased arousal and self-consciousness that she experienced when playing in front of others. As she was still learning the game, the added pressure of performing in front of others was enough to cause her performance to decline.
Social disruption is an important concept to understand, as it can have implications for many different areas of life, including sports, education, and the workplace. By understanding the factors that can contribute to social disruption, individuals and organizations can take steps to minimize its effects and improve performance.
Learn more about performance here:
https://brainly.com/question/15571975
#SPJ11
What class violation would a personal hygiene issue be considered?
A personal hygiene issue would typically be considered a "Class 1 Violation" in most settings.
Class 1 Violations involve minor offenses that have a minimal impact on others, such as poor grooming or not following basic hygiene practices. These violations usually result in a warning or a reminder to maintain proper hygiene standards. It is important to address personal hygiene issues to promote a healthy and comfortable environment for everyone. Proper hygiene includes regular bathing, wearing clean clothes, maintaining dental health, and practicing good hand hygiene. Addressing Class 1 Violations early can prevent more serious consequences and help maintain a positive atmosphere.
For more such questions on hygiene, click on:
https://brainly.com/question/30767885
#SPJ11
to look beyond appearances and impressions to see the goodness that is the foundation of all of God's creation
Looking beyond appearances and impressions is crucial in recognizing the goodness that is the foundation of all of God's creation.
It requires us to move past our biases and preconceived notions and open our hearts and minds to truly see the beauty and value in everything around us. When we approach the world with a spirit of love and acceptance, we are able to connect with the divine essence that is present in every living being.
This awareness allows us to appreciate the unique qualities and strengths that make each person and creature special, and to honor the intrinsic worth and dignity that is inherent in all of God's creation. By cultivating this perspective, we can contribute to a more compassionate and harmonious world, one that reflects the divine vision of love, unity, and wholeness.
To look beyond appearances and impressions means to recognize the inherent goodness within God's creation. By focusing on the underlying goodness and divine intention, we can appreciate the true essence of all beings and things, transcending superficial judgments based on appearance or first impressions. This perspective allows us to develop a deeper understanding and connection with God's creation.
Visit here to learn more about inherent goodness : https://brainly.com/question/21601257
#SPJ11
brainstorming, initial color schemes, and preliminary floor plans, are completed in which phase of the design process?
Brainstorming, initial color schemes, and preliminary floor plans are completed in the concept development phase of the design process.
Before launching your product, concept development enables you to gauge the response of your target market. It is a methodical process to create an idea, test whether buyers would enjoy it, and identify the target market for it. You can demonstrate the viability of your product on the market with the aid of the concept development process. Customer surveys will be used as part of the process to assist you identify the best product aspects and those that want improvement. You can test fresh ideas or find out how much buyers will pay for your product.
Learn more about concept development here:
https://brainly.com/question/16760106
#SPJ11
The population being studied is usually considered if it involves an ongoing process that makes listing or counting every element in the population impossible. a. finite b. skewed c. symmetric d. infinite
Answer: d.infinite
Explanation:
When studying a population, it may be impossible to list or count every element in the population due to its infinite nature. For example, the population of all human beings on Earth is infinite, and it would be impossible to list or count every single person in that population. In such cases, researchers use statistical methods to make inferences about the population based on a sample of individuals.
The first federation of U.S. labor organizations representing unions from different occupations and industries was:
A. The American Federation of Labor.
B. The Congress of Industrial Organizations.
C. The Industrial Workers of the World.
D. The National Labor Union.
D. The National Labor Union was the first federation of U.S. labor organizations representing unions from different occupations and industries, founded in 1866.
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed in 1886, while the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was formed in 1935 as a federation of industrial unions. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was formed in 1905 as a radical labor union advocating for the overthrow of capitalism.
Learn more about American Federation of Labor
https://brainly.com/question/12804073
#SPJ4
Brazilians tend to communicate indirectly. T/F
The given statement "Brazilians tend to communicate indirectly" is true.
It is a common characteristic of some high-context cultures. In such cultures, people rely more on nonverbal cues, context, and implicit understanding to convey meaning, rather than relying solely on explicit verbal communication.
This indirect communication style allows for more subtle and nuanced expressions, fostering harmonious relationships and avoiding conflicts. However, for those unfamiliar with this approach, it might appear ambiguous or unclear.
It is essential to consider cultural differences and adapt one's communication style when interacting with individuals from different backgrounds, such as Brazilians. Thus, the correct choice is true.
For more such questions on Brazilians, click on:
https://brainly.com/question/8825866
#SPJ11
People frequently credit or blame either internal dispositions or external situations for others behavior. What is this tendency called?
a) The Fundamental Attribution Error
b) The foot in the door phenomenon
c) Social Psychology
d) Attribution
People frequently credit or blame either internal dispositions or external situations for others behavior. This tendency is called option d) Attribution
An attribution is the way where by we interface up conduct of an individual to the reason for that way of behaving. An internal attribution is one that is based on personal characteristics, while an external attribution is one that is based on the situation. The correct answer is option d.
Attribution has to do with the deductions people make about a specific way of behaving and the causes. A person can gain a deeper understanding of the experience that has occurred by making attributions.
To learn more about attribution
https://brainly.com/question/15172333
#SPJ4
The tendency to credit or blame either internal dispositions or external situations for others' behavior is called:
a) The Fundamental Attribution Error
Internal dispositions refer to the personality traits, attitudes, values, and beliefs that people possess and that influence their behavior and decision-making. These dispositions are thought to be relatively stable across situations and over time, and they are often seen as part of a person's core identity. Internal dispositions can affect how people perceive and interpret events, how they respond to challenges and opportunities, and how they interact with others. Research in psychology and other social sciences has shown that internal dispositions can have a significant impact on a range of outcomes, such as academic achievement, job performance, and mental health. Understanding the role of internal dispositions is important for understanding human behavior and for developing effective interventions and treatments.
Learn more about Internal dispositions here:
https://brainly.com/question/2211527
#SPJ11
In most cultures, an infant's first experience with a social institution other than the home is most likely to be:
a. Religious
b. Operated by the government
c. Educational
d. A media enterprise
The correct answer is a. Religious. In many cultures, an infant's first experience with a social institution other than the home is through religious practices and rituals.
A variety of social-cultural systems known as "religion" include prescribed actions and practises, values, beliefs, worldviews, texts, holy sites, prophecies, ethics, or organisations. Pertaining to or displaying unwavering loyalty to a recognised ultimate reality or divinity.
This can include baptism, dedication ceremonies, or other religious traditions. Religious institutions are often an important part of social and cultural life in many societies, and infants are often introduced to them early on as a way of integrating them into the community.
To learn more about Religious, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/2033969
#SPJ11
True or False? Residents that store medication may do so in their rooms if the medications are kept locked.
True. Residents are allowed to store medication in their rooms if the medications are kept locked. However, it is important to check with the facility's policy and state regulations to ensure compliance.
residents can store medication in their rooms if the medications are kept locked. This ensures safety and proper access control for the medications. In some cases, it may be allowed for residents to store medication in their rooms as long as it is kept locked and meets certain safety requirements. However, in other cases, it may be prohibited for safety reasons and all medications must be stored in a central location or administered by staff members. It is important to check with the specific facility or institution to determine their policies and regulations regarding medication storage for residents.
Learn more about rooms here:https://brainly.com/question/14892720
#SPJ11
According to the Globesmart country cultural profile, communication tends to be more indirect in Brazil. T/F
According to the Globesmart country cultural profile, communication in Brazil tends to be more indirect. The given statement is True.
This means that Brazilians often prefer to convey messages through subtle hints, gestures, or body language rather than explicitly stating their thoughts or opinions. This indirect communication style is rooted in their cultural values, such as the importance of maintaining harmonious relationships and avoiding confrontation.
In order to effectively communicate with Brazilians, it's essential to be attentive to non-verbal cues and to understand the context of the conversation. Being aware of this cultural difference can help foster successful communication and collaboration with Brazilian colleagues or business partners.
For more such questions on cultural profile, click on:
https://brainly.com/question/514395
#SPJ11
Briefly describe widespread risk/protective behavior change?
Widespread risk/protective behavior change refers to the adoption of behaviors that reduce the risk of spreading or contracting a disease, as well as behaviors that promote overall health and well-being. Examples of risk-reducing behaviors include wearing masks, physical distancing, and hand hygiene during a pandemic.
Protective behaviors can also include lifestyle choices such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep. Widespread behavior change often requires a collective effort, involving individuals, communities, and governments.
Effective strategies for promoting behavior change can include education, public health messaging, incentives, and policies that support and reinforce the desired behaviors. By promoting widespread risk/protective behavior change, it is possible to reduce the spread of disease, improve overall health outcomes, and promote well-being at both the individual and societal levels.
To know more about behavior:
https://brainly.com/question/27683109
#SPJ4
.Were the people who developed psychoanalysis themselves scientists (i.e.,were Freud, Jung, Adler, etc. scientists?) (2-3 sentences)
The founders of psychoanalysis, including Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler, were not trained as scientists in the traditional sense.
Instead, they were medical doctors who became interested in the study of the human psyche and the development of psychoanalytic theory. While they did conduct research and experiments to support their theories.
their approach to studying the mind was more subjective and introspective than the objective methods used by traditional scientists.
Nonetheless, their work has had a profound impact on the field of psychology and continues to shape our understanding of the human mind.
To learn more about, psychoanalysis
https://brainly.com/question/7203736
#SPJ11
which of the following is not a procedure that makes analogy use more likely? group of answer choices participants are given two analogous problems, rather than just one, before the test problem. participants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve. participants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another. participants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on.
The practice of rewarding participants with cash rewards for each test problem they successfully complete does not increase the likelihood that analogies will be used. Option 2 is Correct.
Finding a problem (source) that is comparable to the problem you need to address (target) and projecting its solution onto the target problem are the fundamental steps in the analogical reasoning process.
Following that, the process of analogy entails identifying structural similarities between the two domains, drawing conclusions about additional structural similarities by mapping additional relationships from the base domain to the target domain, and then comparing those conclusions to the target domain's prior knowledge. Option 2 is Correct.
Learn more about participants visit: brainly.com/question/25820824
#SPJ4
Correct Question:
which of the following is not a procedure that makes analogy use more likely? group of answer choices
1. participants are given two analogous problems, rather than just one, before the test problem.
2. participants are given financial bonuses for each one of the test problems they are able to solve.
3. participants are given several training problems and asked to compare the problems to one another.
4. participants are encouraged to work at understanding the solutions of the training problems so that they can explain the solutions later on.
what strategies could be utilized to ensure all students feel welcome, supported and respected in your office
There are several strategies that can be employed to ensure that all students feel welcome, supported and respected in your office.
Firstly, it is important to create a warm and inviting atmosphere that is conducive to learning. This can be achieved by using comfortable seating, good lighting, and appropriate decor. Additionally, it is important to have a clear and transparent communication policy in place, where all students are made aware of the resources available to them and how they can access them.
Another strategy to ensure that all students feel welcome is to actively seek out feedback from them. This can be done through surveys, focus groups or one-on-one meetings. By asking for feedback and taking it into consideration, you are showing your students that their opinions matter and that their concerns will be addressed.
Finally, it is important to have a diverse and inclusive staff that is representative of the student population. This can help to foster a sense of belonging among students, as they will see people who look like them and share their experiences. By employing these strategies, you can create an environment where all students feel welcome, supported and respected in your office.
For more such questions on, strategies :
https://brainly.com/question/10055344
#SPJ11
In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, what important role does INNER SPEECH play?
In Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, INNER SPEECH plays an important role in facilitating thinking and problem-solving.
Inner speech refers to the internal dialogue we have with ourselves as we think through problems, make decisions, and communicate with others. According to Vygotsky, inner speech develops from social interactions and language use, and it serves as a bridge between external language and thought. Inner speech allows children to regulate their own thinking and behavior, and it helps them to internalize knowledge and skills that they have learned from others. As children mature and develop, their inner speech becomes more abstract and reflective, allowing them to engage in more complex thinking and problem-solving.
In this way, inner speech is seen as a key mechanism for cognitive growth and development.
To know more about Inner speech, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/30584240
#SPJ11
Both Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) members trade their addiction to drugs for feelings of interpersonal connectedness by bonding with other group members, a phenomenon described by the ____ perspective.
Both Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) members trade their addiction to drugs for feelings of interpersonal connectedness by bonding with other group members, a phenomenon described by the social support perspective.
The social support perspective suggests that individuals struggling with addiction are more likely to overcome their addiction when they have a sense of connectedness and support from others. AA and NA provide a supportive community of individuals who understand the challenges of addiction and provide emotional support, encouragement, and guidance to help members achieve sobriety.
This sense of social support can replace the feelings of isolation and loneliness that often contribute to substance abuse. By bonding with other group members, AA and NA members trade their addiction to drugs for feelings of interpersonal connectedness, which can be a critical factor in maintaining long-term recovery from addiction.
Learn more about Alcoholics Anonymous here
brainly.com/question/30034743
#SPJ4
what do infant studies teach us about how humans learn to specialize at detecting the phonemes in their native language?
Infant studies have provided valuable insight into how humans learn to specialize at detecting the phonemes in their native language.
Children as early as a few months old have been found to have the natural ability to distinguish between the phonemes of their home language and those of other languages.
This skill is believed to be the outcome of the evolutionary factors that influenced the auditory systems' development over millions of years.
Additionally, research has shown that young children are perceptive to minute variations in speech sound pronunciation, giving them the ability to recognise any changes in the phoneme of their original language.
Additionally, it has been discovered that babies are more sensitive to the phonemes of their native language than those of a foreign one, suggesting that they are developing a specialisation in their native language's phonemes.
To learn more about pronunciation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29899115
#SPJ4
As presented in Melchert, according to Descartes, innate ideas are
As presented in Melchert, according to Descartes, innate ideas are ideas that are present in the mind at birth and do not depend on experience or sensory input.
Descartes argued that some ideas are not derived from sensory experience, but are instead present in the mind from the moment of birth. These ideas are innate, meaning that they are not learned or acquired through experience, but rather are already present in the mind.
Descartes believed that these innate ideas are the foundation of all knowledge, and that they provide a basis for certain and indubitable knowledge. One example of an innate idea for Descartes was the idea of God, which he believed was present in the mind at birth and could not be derived from sensory experience.
To know more about Descartes, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/3209771
#SPJ4
Which Licence allows a nurse to preform any service within the scope of their licence?
Answer: RN
Explanation:
Why is it unsafe to take drugs while driving?
What steps did the US government take toward Standard Oil in the early 1900s? It encouraged Standard Oil to purchase other oil-refining companies. It supported Standard Oil’s efforts to increase oil-refining capacity. It used the Federal Trade Commission to investigate Standard Oil. It used the Sherman Act to split Standard Oil into smaller companies.
Answer: dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act and split into 34 companies.
:):):):):)
T/F luke’s birth narrative (luke 1:5 –2:52) is written in a finer greek literary style than the rest of luke’s gospel and the book of acts.
True, Luke's birth narrative (Luke 1:5-2:52) is written in a finer Greek literary style than the rest of Luke's Gospel and the Book of Acts. The birth narrative section employs a more elevated and classical Greek style, reflecting the author's intention to emphasize the significance of the events being described. The remainder of the Gospel and the Book of Acts have a more common and colloquial Greek style, which is typical for historical narratives at that time.
What literary form did the Greeks use?
Greek literature was split into distinct literary genres, each with a required formal framework that included information on both dialect and metrics. Poetry and prose were separated in the first category. Epic, lyric, and drama are three super-genres of poetry.
Two main categories of Greek literature include what?
Pre classical Greek literature, which includes the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer, was mostly based on myths. Drama and history first emerged during the Classical era. Particularly noteworthy thinkers are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
To know more about Greek literary style:
https://brainly.com/question/11358820
#SPJ11
Why does Paul refuse to be chloroformed? How does Paul manage to get Kropp and himself shipped out on the same train?
Paul refuses to be chloroformed because he knows that it will reduce his chances of escaping.
Paul manages to get himself and Kropp shipped out on the same train by convincing the guard that they are both deserters. Paul pretends to be a corporal and claims to have lost his papers in a fight.
He then promises the guard a reward of 20 million marks if he gets them both safely on the train. The guard is convinced and allows Paul and Kropp to board the same train.
Paul and Kropp then make their way to safety, avoiding capture and successfully reaching the French lines.
Know more about Chloroformed here
https://brainly.com/question/13334667#
#SPJ11
Question 47
A warrant to conduct routine inspection of a private dwelling should be obtained only:
a. After working hours
b. After consent has been refused
c. Where surprise is important
d. In an emergency
A warrant to conduct routine inspection of a private dwelling should only be obtained after consent has been refused.
It is important to respect the privacy of individuals and their homes, and obtaining consent is necessary to ensure that their rights are not being violated. In emergency situations, warrants may be obtained without consent, but routine inspections do not fall under this category. Surprise may be important in certain situations, but obtaining consent should still be a priority. It is crucial to follow proper procedures and respect individual rights when conducting any kind of inspection.
For more information on private dwelling see
https://brainly.com/question/31028713
#SPJ11
Question 94
The pipeline milker
a. was first introduced in 1854 and is still used today
b. is vastly inferior to Branigien's Quadra-Path Sterilizer
c. was a welcome improvement to Branigien's so called "sterilizer"
d. requires special attention to ensure its sanitary condition
was first introduced in 1854 and is still used today" is true. The pipeline milker, also known as the automatic milking system, was first introduced in 1854 and has evolved over time.
It is still used today in modern dairy farms, where it has replaced traditional milking methods such as hand milking and bucket milking. The pipeline milker is designed to automate the milking process, where cows are milked using a network of pipes and a vacuum system that gently and efficiently extracts milk from the udder. However, the statements "b. is vastly inferior to Branigien's Quadra-Path Sterilizer" and "c. was a welcome improvement to Branigien's so-called 'sterilizer'" are not accurate. The pipeline milker is a milking system and is not directly comparable to Branigien's Quadra-Path Sterilizer, which is a sterilizing apparatus. Similarly, there is no evidence to suggest that the pipeline milker was an improvement on Branigien's sterilizer. Finally, statement "d. requires special attention to ensure its sanitary condition" is accurate. The pipeline milker requires regular cleaning and maintenance to ensure that it remains sanitary and efficient in its milking operation.
Learn more about pipeline here:https://brainly.com/question/31082785
#SPJ11
was first introduced in 1854 and is still used today" is true. The pipeline milker, also known as the automatic milking system, was first introduced in 1854 and has evolved over time.
It is still used today in modern dairy farms, where it has replaced traditional milking methods such as hand milking and bucket milking. The pipeline milker is designed to automate the milking process, where cows are milked using a network of pipes and a vacuum system that gently and efficiently extracts milk from the udder. However, the statements "b. is vastly inferior to Branigien's Quadra-Path Sterilizer" and "c. was a welcome improvement to Branigien's so-called 'sterilizer'" are not accurate. The pipeline milker is a milking system and is not directly comparable to Branigien's Quadra-Path Sterilizer, which is a sterilizing apparatus. Similarly, there is no evidence to suggest that the pipeline milker was an improvement on Branigien's sterilizer. Finally, statement "d. requires special attention to ensure its sanitary condition" is accurate. The pipeline milker requires regular cleaning and maintenance to ensure that it remains sanitary and efficient in its milking operation.
Learn more about system here:https://brainly.com/question/19368267
#SPJ11
List the five techniques used by social engineers in their attempts to gain information from unsuspecting people.
Pretexting, phishing, baiting, quid pro quo, and tailgating are the five strategies employed by social engineers to obtain information from unsuspecting people.
Pretexting is the process of fabricating a fictional scenario in order to induce someone to reveal personal information. Sending false emails or communications that look to be from a reputable source in order to gain sensitive information is known as phishing.
Baiting is the practice of leaving a tempting device, such as a USB drive, in a public place to entice others to plug it into their computer and unintentionally install malware. The practice of offering a benefit or reward in return for personal information is known as quid pro quo. Tailgating is when you follow someone into a secure place without their permission.
To know more about social engineers, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/30514468
#SPJ4
4. What do we know about Laertes, Polonius, and Ophelia by the end of 1.3? What sort of people are they? What sort of family are they? Who is missing from this family? How strong-willed in Ophelia?
By the end of Act 1 Scene 3 in Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," we learn that Laertes, Polonius, and Ophelia are members of a close-knit family, and they exhibit different personality traits.
Laertes, Polonius's son, and Ophelia's brother, is shown as a caring and protective sibling. He advises Ophelia to be cautious in her relationship with Hamlet and not to take his words too seriously. He comes across as practical and concerned about his sister's well-being. Polonius, the father of Laertes and Ophelia, is Lord Chamberlain and serves as an advisor to King Claudius. He is a somewhat overbearing, authoritative figure in his family, often giving unsolicited advice to his children. He values reputation and social standing, warning Laertes to be mindful of his actions as they reflect on the family. Polonius also instructs Ophelia to distance herself from Hamlet, showcasing his controlling nature. Ophelia is portrayed as a dutiful and obedient daughter, who is caught between her feelings for Hamlet and the demands of her family. By the end of Act 1 Scene 3, she appears to be somewhat submissive, agreeing to follow her father's advice and distancing herself from Hamlet. The family is missing their mother, who is not mentioned in the play. Ophelia seems not to be very strong-willed, as she readily follows the guidance of her father and brother without much protest.
In summary, Laertes, Polonius, and Ophelia are a close-knit family with different personalities. Laertes is protective, Polonius is authoritative, and Ophelia is dutiful and obedient. The family is missing their mother, and Ophelia appears to lack strong will in this part of the play.
Learn more about Hamlet here:
https://brainly.com/question/3774380
#SPJ11
Innate ideas are truths that are not derived from observation or experiment. T or F.
The statement "Innate ideas are truths that are not derived from observation or experiment" is true because innate ideas are believed to exist independently of sensory experience and are seen as universal and necessary truths that can be discovered through rational reflection.
Innate ideas are those that are believed to be present in the mind since birth or at least at a very early stage of development, without being learned or acquired through experience. These ideas are considered to be independent of sensory experience, and are often seen as universal and necessary truths that can be discovered through rational reflection.
While some philosophers have argued for the existence of innate ideas, others have rejected this notion, claiming that all knowledge comes from experience. The debate about innate ideas is still ongoing in philosophy, and it remains a topic of great interest and controversy.
Learn more about Innate ideas here
brainly.com/question/31561072
#SPJ4