Use the kinetic-molecular theory to explain each observation given.
a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle.
b. Liquid water may be converted into ice cubes in a freezer.
c. Ginger ale flows to match the shape of a glass.
d. Water gradually evaporates from a swimming pool.
e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days.
f. Snow gradually disappears, even when the tem- perature remains below freezing. g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases.

Answers

Answer 1

a. Wax melts near the flame of a burning candle because the kinetic-molecular theory states that the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. Since the flame of a burning candle is hot, the wax molecules move faster, allowing them to take up more space and eventually melt.

What is kinetic-molecular theory?

The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the following five fundamental principles:

A gas's average molecular lengths between its constituent molecules are significantly greater than their individual sizes. The volume occupied by the gas' molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of the gas itself.Both the molecules and the container walls are not attracted to one another in a perfect gas.As physical objects, the molecules move erratically and continually and are governed by Newton's laws of motion. The molecules travel in a straight line until they come into contact with one another or the container walls. Collisions are totally elastic; even if the kinetic energies and orientations of two molecules may change during a collision, the total kinetic energy is preserved. Collision is not "sticky".The average gas molecule's kinetic energy and absolute temperature are directly correlated. Because individual molecules' velocities and kinetic energies will vary greatly, with some even experiencing zero velocities at some moments, the word "average" is significant in this context. This implies that all molecular motion would cease if the temperature dropped to absolute zero.

Continued:

b. Due to the fact that the kinetic-molecular theory predicts that molecules move more slowly at lower temperatures, liquid water can be frozen into ice cubes in a freezer. The water molecules travel very slowly and arrange because a freezer is significantly colder than room temperature, which enables them to form ice cubes.

c. All matter is made up of a large number of tiny particles that are always in motion, according to the kinetic-molecular theory. When the ginger ale is poured into the glass, the velocity of the liquid's molecules causes them to spread out and fill the form of the vessel.

d. The kinetic-molecular theory states that the molecules in a liquid are in constant motion, and that when they move, they bump into each other, passing energy from one to the other. This energy causes the particles to move faster. As they move faster, they create turbulence that causes them to break away from the liquid surface. These particles then form a vapor, which is an invisible form of water called water vapor. As these particles accumulate together, they gradually evaporate from the swimming pool, eventually diminishing its water level.

e. Water vapor condenses inside house windows on cold days because the molecules of water vapor slow down and as they lose energy they no longer have enough kinetic energy to remain in the gaseous state. The molecules then condense and form liquid water droplets on cool surfaces such as windows.

f. Snow gradually disappears even when the temperature remains below freezing because the heat stored in the snow starts to melt the snow. This occurs even when the outside temperature remains at freezing or below because the heat is released from the snow and warms the surrounding air.

g. Solids and liquids cannot be compressed as much as gases because the particles of gases have more energy and thus more freedom of movement than particles of solids and liquids. The particles of gases can move around and can occupy larger spaces than particles of solids and liquids, allowing them to be compressed more effectively.

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Related Questions

The "Ring of Responsibility" requires a next to water bodies. O 50-foot 43 3-foot O 5-foot O 15- to 25-foot untreated buffer zone

Answers

The "Ring of Responsibility" requires a 15- to 25-foot untreated buffer zone next to water bodies.

What is buffer zone?

A buffer zone is an area of land that separates two or more countries, states, or territories, and is often demilitarized. The purpose of a buffer zone is to provide a space for negotiations and to reduce the possibility of conflict and war. Buffer zones can also be used to protect sensitive natural resources or habitats, such as areas of wilderness or wildlife. Buffer zones can be permanent or temporary, and can range in size from a few miles to hundreds of miles. In addition to physical barriers, buffer zones can also include economic, political, and social measures to reduce tensions between two or more parties. Buffer zones are an important tool in international relations, as they can help to prevent armed conflict and promote peaceful resolution of disputes.

This buffer zone is intended to prevent pollutants from entering the water body and protect it from potential environmental damage.

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Using the equations
2 Ha (g) + O2 (g) - > 2 H20 (1)
AH° = -572 kJ
Ca (s) + ½ O2 (g) -> CaO (s)
AH° = -635 kJ
CaO (s) + H,O (1) -> Ca(OH)2 (s) AH° = -64 kJ
Determine the enthalpy for the reaction
Ca (s) + 2 H,0 (1) -> Ca(OH), (S) + Ha (g).
-1271 kJ
-413 kJ
-985 kJ
-364 kJ
-285 kJ

Answers

The enthalpy for the following reaction Ca (s) + 2 H₂O → Ca(OH)₂(s) + H₂ (g) is -365kJ.

What is enthalpy?

A thermodynamic system's enthalpy, which is one of its properties, is calculated by adding the system's internal energy to the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function that is frequently employed in measurements of chemical, biological, and physical systems at constant pressure, which the sizable surrounding environment conveniently provides. The pressure-volume concept describes the effort needed to create space for the system by displacing its surrounds in order to determine its physical dimensions.For solids and liquids under typical conditions, the pressure-volume term is relatively tiny, whereas it is only somewhat small for gases. As a result, in chemical systems, enthalpy serves as a stand-in for energy; for example, in chemistry, "energies" like bond, lattice, and solvation are actually differences in enthalpy.

The enthalpy for the reaction Ca (s) + 2 H₂O (1) -> Ca(OH)₂ (s) + H₂ (g) is -365 kJ. This can be calculated by using the calculated enthalpy values of the three given reactions above and the law of Hess's.

First, let's look at the given reactions:

2 H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2 H₂0

ΔH° = -572 kJ

Ca (s) + ½ O₂ (g) →CaO (s)

ΔH° = -635 kJ

CaO (s) + H2O → Ca(OH)₂ (s)

ΔH° = -64 kJ

Now let's calculate the enthalpy for the reaction Ca (s) + 2 H2O (1) -> Ca(OH)₂ (s) + H₂ (g):

ΔH° = [2(-64 kJ) + (-572 kJ) + (-635 kJ)] - (-572 kJ + (-64 kJ + (-635 kJ))

ΔH° = -365 kJ

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An solution of antifreeze is prepared by mixing 47.0mL of ethylene glycol (d = 1.11 g/mL; molar mass = 62.07 g/mol) with 50.0 mL H2O (d = 1.00 g/mL) at 25°C. If the density of the antifreeze solution is 1.07 g/mL, what is its molarity?

Answers

If the density of antifreeze solution is 1.07 g/mL, then the molarity of the antifreeze solution is calculated as 8.66 M.

What is meant by molarity?

Number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of the solution is defined as molarity.

As we know, moles of EG = mass of EG / molar mass of EG

Mass of EG = 47.0 mL × 1.11 g/mL = 52.17 g

Moles of EG = 52.17 g / 62.07 g/mol = 0.840 mol

Total volume = 47.0 mL + 50.0 mL = 97.0 mL

So, mass of solution = volume of solution × density of solution

mass of solution = 97.0 mL × 1.07 g/mL = 103.79 g

As, molarity =moles of solute /volume of solution

Molarity = 0.840 mol / (97.0 mL / 1000 mL/L) = 8.66 M

Therefore, the molarity of the antifreeze solution is 8.66 M.

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3. 20.0 grams of NaHCO3 decomposes following the balanced reaction below. How many grams of H2O will you form? Show all work. 2 NaHCO3 → H2O + CO2 + Na2CO3

Answers

Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 2.14 grams of H₂O are formed when 20.0 grams of NaHCO₃ decomposes.

Reaction stoichiometry

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

2 NaHCO₃ → H₂O + CO₂ + Na₂CO₃

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

NaHCO₃: 2 moleH₂O: 1 moleCO₂: 1 moleNa₂CO₃: 1 mole

The molar mass of the compounds is:

NaHCO₃: 84 g/moleH₂O: 18 g/moleCO₂: 44 g/moleNa₂CO₃: 106 g/mole

By reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:

NaHCO₃: 2 moles ×84 g/mole= 168 gramsH₂O: 1 mole ×18 g/mole= 18 gramsCO₂: 1 mole ×44 g/mole= 44 gramsNa₂CO₃: 1 mole ×106 g/mole= 106 grams

Mass of H₂O formed

The following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 168 grams of NaHCO₃ form 18 grams of H₂O, 20 grams of NaHCO₃ form how much mass of H₂O?

mass of H₂O= (20 grams of NaHCO₃× 18 grams of H₂O)÷168 grams of NaHCO₃

mass of H₂O= 2.14 grams

Finally, 2.14 grams of H₂O are formed.

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Select all answer choices that would result in units of moles.

a) RT/PV
b) PV/RT
c) mass ÷ molar mass
d) molar mass ÷ mass
e) molar mass × mass
f) molarity ÷ volume
g) volume ÷ molarity
h) molarity × volume

Answers

The correct options that will result in mole are option B, C, and H

How do i know which options will result in mole?

To know the options that will result in mole, do the following:

Ideal gas law states as follow:

PV = nRT

Where

P is the pressure V is the volumen is the number of moleR is the gas constantT is the temperature

PV = nRT

Make n the subject by dividing both sides by RT

n = PV / RT (option B)

Mole, mass and molar mass are related according to the following formula:

Mole = mass / molar mass (option C)

Molarity is defined as mole per unit volume as shown below:

Molarity = mole / volume

Make mole the subject by cross multiplying.

Mole = Molarity × volume (option H)

Thus, from the above illustrations, we can conclude that the correct options which will result in mole are option B, C, and H

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What is the molar solubility, S, of AgNO, if Ksp , = 6.00 × 10-4?

Answers

As a result, AgNO3 has a molar solubility of 0.0245 M.

what does molar solubility mean?

A compound's capacity to dissolve in a particular substance known as a solvent is indicated by a property termed molar solubility (M). It is specifically the most moles of a solute that may dissolve in one liter of solvent.

The Ksp (solubility product constant) formula, which is the product of the ion concentrations elevated to their stoichiometric coefficients in a saturated solution4, can be used to determine the molar solubility of AgNO3.

The formula for AgNO3 is AgNO3 → Ag+ + NO3-.

Therefore, Ksp = [Ag+][NO3-] = 6.00 × 10⁻⁴

Since AgNO3 dissociates completely in water, [Ag+] = [NO3-] = S (molar solubility).

Thus, Ksp = S² = 6.00 × 10⁻⁴.

Solving for S gives us S = √(Ksp) =√(6.00 × 10⁻⁴) = 0.0245 M⁴

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80.0 grams of potassium sulfate is dissolved in 320 grams of water. Find the percentage concentration

Answers

The percentage concentration of potassium sulfate in the solution is 20%.

What is Percentage Concentration?

Percentage concentration, also known as percent concentration or mass percent, is a measure of the amount of a solute present in a solution, expressed as a percentage of the total mass or volume of the solution. It is commonly used in chemistry and related fields to express the concentration of a solute in a solution.

To find the percentage concentration of potassium sulfate in the solution, we need to calculate the mass of potassium sulfate in the solution and express it as a percentage of the total mass of the solution.

Given:

Mass of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) = 80.0 g

Mass of water (H2O) = 320 g

Total mass of the solution = Mass of potassium sulfate + Mass of water

= 80.0 g + 320 g

= 400 g

Now, we can calculate the percentage concentration of potassium sulfate:

Percentage concentration = (Mass of potassium sulfate / Total mass of the solution) × 100

Percentage concentration = (80.0 g / 400 g) × 100

= 20%

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Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O

Go out to 3 decimal places for all values except 0.
In this reaction, 48.5 g of Ca(OH)2 and 32.8 g of HCl:
1) Determine how many moles of each reactant are present at the beginning of the reaction.
2) Convert one of the reactants into moles of the other reactant to determine whether or not it is the limiting reactant.
3) Convert moles of the excess reactant into moles of the product.

Answers

Moles of HCL present in the reaction is 0.899 moles

What is moles?

The mole is the unit of substance that is equal to the number of atoms in 0.012 kilogrammes of carbon 12 and is represented by the sign "mol".

What is reaction?

chemical reaction, the transformation of one or more chemicals (the reactants) into one or more distinct compounds (the products). Chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances. In a chemical reaction, the atoms that make up the reactants are rearranged to produce various products.

Use the following formula to calculate the moles of each reactant present at the start of the reaction:

Molar mass divided by mass equals a mole.

The molar mass of HCl is 36.461 g/mol (1.008 g/mol for H and 35.453 g/mol for Cl), while the molar mass of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] is 74.093 g/mol (40.078 g/mol for Ca, plus 215.999 g/mol for O and 21.008 g/mol for H).

Consequently, the amount of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] in the starting moles of the reaction is:

[tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] moles are equal to 48.5 g / 74.093 g/mol, or 0.654 moles.

At the start of the reaction, there are: moles of HCl present.

32.8 g of HCl divided by 36.461 g/mol yields 0.899 moles.

Since we have only 0.899 moles of HCl present, it is the limiting reactant. This means that all of the [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] will react, and some of the HCl will be left over.

To convert this to grams, we use the formula:

mass = moles x molar mass

The molar mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] is 110.984 g/mol (40.078 g/mol for Ca and 2*35.453 g/mol for Cl).

Therefore, the mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] produced is:

mass of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] = 0.654 moles x 110.984 g/mol = 72.6 g

So, 48.5 g of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] and 32.8 g of HCl will produce 72.6 g of [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] and 2 moles of [tex]H_2O[/tex].

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How many moles of ammonia would be required to react exactly with 0.470 moles of copper(I) oxide in the
following chemical reaction?
2 NH, (g) + 3 CuO (s) -> 3 Cu(s) + Na (8) + 3 H20 (g)

Answers

Answer: 0.313 mole of NH3

Explanation:

For a particular reaction at 121.3 °C, Δ=53.29 kJ/mol , and Δ=623.51 J/(mol⋅K) . Calculate ΔG for this reaction at −79.6 °C.

Answers

At -79.6 °C, the standard free energy change for this reaction is -67.24 kJ/mol.

How to determine standard free energy change?

Use the following equation to calculate the standard free energy change at a different temperature:

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

where ΔH = enthalpy change, ΔS = entropy change, and T = temperature in Kelvin.

Given:

ΔH = 53.29 kJ/mol

ΔS = 623.51 J/(mol⋅K)

T = -79.6 + 273.15 K = 193.55 K

First, convert ΔH from kJ/mol to J/mol:

ΔH = 53.29 × 10³ J/mol

Next, convert ΔS from J/(mol⋅K) to kJ/(mol⋅K):

ΔS = 623.51 J/(mol⋅K) ÷ 1000 = 0.62351 kJ/(mol⋅K)

Plug in the values:

ΔG = (53.29 × 10³ J/mol) - (193.55 K × 0.62351 kJ/(mol⋅K))

ΔG = 53.29 kJ/mol - 120.53 kJ/mol

ΔG = -67.24 kJ/mol

Therefore, the standard free energy change for this reaction at -79.6 °C is -67.24 kJ/mol.

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How many atoms are in 4.5 moles of neon?

How many miles are in 1.2x1023 atoms of silicon?

How many moles are in 3.4x1023 molecules of CH4?

How many moles are in 5.2x1024 atoms of gold?

How many atoms are in 26.2 moles of cobalt?

How many cookies are in 1.2 mole of cookies?

Answers

The atoms of neon are [tex]27.099 *10^{23}[/tex], moles of silicon are 0.1199 , moles of [tex]CH_{4}[/tex] are 0.56, moles of gold are 8.64, atoms of cobalt are [tex]157.7764*10^{23}[/tex] and number of cookies are [tex]7.2264*10^{23}[/tex].

How to calculate atoms?

Multiplying the number of moles with [tex]6.022*10^{23}[/tex] we will get number of atoms of neon.

Number of atoms= [tex]4.5* 6.022 *10^{23}[/tex]

Number of atoms of neon = [tex]27.099 *10^{23}[/tex]

Moles of silicon?