what are factions in federalist 10

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Answer 1

According to Federalist 10, Faction is a group of people with similar interests and issues rising in democracy and arguing that they often oppress minorities.

The Federalist Papers' tenth portion, Federalist 10, is an essay by James Madison that emphasizes the need of ratifying the United States Constitution. It was first published in 1787. In this essay, Madison analyzed factions, a class of citizens with shared concerns and issues that have emerged in democracies, and he made the case that these groups frequently oppress minorities.

Madison advocates a type of the representative republic as the most effective defense against powerful oppressor groups because he sees factions as a big problem for the state and interests of minority groups.

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Related Questions

identify one true statement about the nondelegable obligations under the agency law: .

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Delegation of authority is not permitted in contracts that require a principal to fulfill personally, which is one fact relating to the agency law's non-delegable requirements.

What are non-delegable obligations?

The term "nondelegable obligation" (also known as "non-delegable duty") refers to a legal obligation or duty that cannot legally be assigned or if assigned, for which the principal is still liable.

They are also referred to as non-assignable obligations or duties.

The nondelegable responsibility doctrine deals with an affirmative obligation imposed because of a person's or an entity's connections to others.

The assignment of such a duty to an independent contractor cannot prevent it.

One fact regarding the agency law's non-delegable requirements is that delegation of authority is not allowed in contracts that call for a principal's personal performance.

Therefore, a delegation of authority is not permitted in contracts that require a principal to fulfill personally, which is one fact relating to the agency law's non-delegable requirements.

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Correct question:

Identify ONE true statement about the non-delegable obligations under the agency law: ______________.

Types of malpractice include failure to diagnose, failure to inform of diagnosis, lack of informed consent, and which of these?

Question 9 options:



Medical professionals who make errors in treatment




Differing opinion on treatment from another medical professional




Patients who do not follow aftercare treatment plans




Negative outcomes of a standard treatment plan

Answers

Misdiagnoses. Misdiagnoses are among the most common types of scientific negligence in malpractice claims.

A misdiagnosis happens when a health practitioner fails to diagnose a patient's circumstance and as an alternative diagnoses the patient with the wrong situation or states that he or she does not have any type of medical condition.

What is failure to diagnose or a prolong in diagnosis?

Failure to diagnose takes place when a health practitioner fails to diagnose a patient's condition. Misdiagnosis outcomes from a health practitioner making an mistaken diagnosis. Lastly, a delayed prognosis takes region when a medical expert appreciably delays a correct diagnosis.

In no specific order, the following are sorts of the most frequent scientific malpractice claims: Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis. Failure to treat. Prescription drug errors.

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How many African Americans served in the Senate during the entire twentieth century?
a. eight
b. ten
c. two
d. three

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Eight African Americans served in the Senate during the entire twentieth century.

The correct option is (a).

Eleven Black Americans have held elected or appointed positions in the Senate. During the nineteenth and twentieth century, there were two each.

Black individuals, a definite noun Black people with African heritage who reside in the United States and are connected to those who were born in Africa are known as African-Americans. African-Americans currently make approximately 12% of the population.

Regardless of whether they are a part of or distinct from mainstream culture, "African-American culture," also referred to as "Black-American culture," refers to the cultural contributions made by African Americans to American society.

Three of the eight African Americans who have served in the Senate since the American Civil Rights Movement for African Americans have represented Illinois' Class 3 seat, including Barack Obama, who later became president of the country. As a result, Illinois now has the highest number of Black Americans serving as senators.

Therefore, the correct answer will be option (a)

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fill in the blank. Which of the following would be a common example of a state exercising its police power? first. Freedom of speech is found in the ______ Amendment.

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As long as the practice does not conflict with "public morals" or a "compelling" governmental interest, the Free Exercise Clause safeguards citizens' right to practice their religion as they see fit.

What is protected by the First Amendment?

The First Amendment says that Congress can't pass a law that respects a religious establishment or makes it illegal to practice it freely. Speech, assembly, and the right to petition the government for redress are all protected by this law. Citizens have the right to keep and bear arms under the Second Amendment.

Which of the first ten amendments is it?

The first ten amendments to the Constitution are included in the Bill of Rights. It lays out the rights of Americans toward their government. Individual civil liberties, such as freedom of religion, the press, and speech, are protected by this law.

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What is the best tax classification for an LLC?

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A single-member LLC(Limited Liability Company) can be taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, C-corporation, or S-corporation; an LLC is a disregarded business for tax purposes.

The ability of members to select their preferred method of taxation is a significant benefit of creating an LLC (if they meet the eligibility criteria).

Depending on your long-term company goals, personal liability protection, and tax strategy, you may choose a different tax classification for your LLC.

Small company owners who continue to file personal tax returns under the default class (sole proprietorship or partnership) report business revenue and pay taxes at the applicable personal tax rates.

It's challenging to estimate how much federal or state tax you'll have to pay because individual circumstances differ. Since it avoids corporations' double taxation, the S corporation is a tax status that many LLCs adopt.

Owners of S corporations are eligible for the QBI deduction for business income (not employment income)Owners only pay Social Security/Medicare taxes on their wages.

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What was Truman's containment policy?

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Truman's containment policy was that the United States would not return to isolationism but rather participate in World affairs after World War II.

President Harry S. Truman promised in 1947 that the United States would support any country fighting communism in order to prohibit the spread of the ideology. The Truman Doctrine is the name given to his containment strategy. The Truman Doctrine proved that after World War II, the United States would not revert to isolationism but would instead engage in active foreign policy.

US President Harry S. Truman announced what would become known as the Truman Doctrine, a pledge that the US would take whatever steps were necessary both economically and militarily to stop the spread of communism throughout the world, after the UK informed the US that it could no longer afford to fight communist insurgencies in Greece and Turkey.

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Ultimately, which of the following parties to the assessment enterprise provides the guidance for determining what constitutes the fair use of tests in the hiring process

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The party that ultimately determines what constitutes the fair use of tests in the hiring process is the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

This is because the EEOC is responsible for ensuring that all hiring practices and procedures comply with federal laws prohibiting discrimination in employment. The EEOC reviews and approves any testing procedures that an employer plans to use for hiring purposes, and ensures that any such testing procedures are designed to accurately measure job-relevant skills and knowledge rather than the candidate's personal characteristics such as age, gender or race.

The EEOC has also established standards for the use of criminal history background checks in the hiring process in order to ensure that they do not result in unnecessary discrimination against individuals with criminal histories.

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what did the supreme court rule concerning the interstate commerce clause in the 1890s?

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It exclusively addresses the conveyance of goods; not their production the 1890s Supreme Court decision on the interstate commerce clause.

What is commerce clause?

The Commerce Clause forbids state interference with interstate commerce while granting Congress broad authority to regulate it. The Commerce Clause was initially interpreted by the Supreme Court more as a check on state power than as a source of federal authority. The Commerce Clause outlines a power that is enumerated in the US Constitution. According to the provision, the US Congress has the authority "to regulate Trade with foreign Nations, and among the various States, and with the Indian Tribes." Roadways, canals, and airways are examples of interstate commerce channels. Even if the activity is limited to a single state, Congress has the authority to regulate it in certain areas because to the Commerce Clause.

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what does the discussion about martha stewart about crime in the united states

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The debate in the United States surrounding Martha Stewart and crime is that Martha Stewart was found guilty of obstructing justice after lying to the FBI during an investigation into the sale of a stock that dropped in value.

Martha Helen Stewart is a retail businesswoman, author, and television personality from the United States.

She achieved success as the founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia through a number of commercial activities, including publishing, television, retailing, and e-commerce.

Therefore, In the United States, there is a dispute over Martha Stewart and crime since she was found guilty of obstructing justice after lying to the FBI.

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______ elections tend to have the lowest voter turnout.a. Local
b. State
c. National
d. International

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A. Voter turnout in local elections for district attorneys is typically the lowest.

Why does low voter turnout constitute a problem?

Voters don't reflect the population. The main issue with low turnout is that it results in an unrepresentative electorate. Compared to potential voters, the electorate that are now voting are wealthier, whiter, older, and more educated.

What aspects influence voter turnout?

Impact of the candidate - Certain candidates, particularly those running for president or governor, have the potential to either energize voters or reduce turnout. Election Type: Local, primary, and off-year (non-presidential, non-midterm) elections typically draw fewer voters than statewide or federal elections.

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which of the following tactics did the naacp use most frequently in the first half of the twentieth century?

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Litigation tactics did the naacp use most frequently in the first half of the twentieth century.

Option A is correct.

How can it be fully explained?

Litigation: The NAACP filed a number of lawsuits to oppose racial segregation and discrimination in a variety of settings, including education, housing, employment, and voting rights. The 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which ended racial segregation in public schools, was one of the NAACP's most significant legal victories.

The NAACP used advocacy as a tool to highlight issues of racial discrimination and injustice. In order to educate the public about the plight of African Americans, they organized protests, distributed pamphlets, magazines, and newspapers, lobbied legislators, and distributed pamphlets, magazines, and newspapers to do so.

Question incomplete:

Which of the following tactics did the NAACP use most frequently in the first half of the twentieth century?

A. litigation

B. equal protection clause

C. women to have the right to vote

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what is house select subcommittee on the weaponization of the federal government

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A subcommittee of the US House of Representatives is the House Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government.

It was created in 2021 by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to look into claims that the administration of former President Donald Trump politicised government operations and interfered with other departments and agencies.
The subcommittee's task is to look into and report on any possible abuses of authority, contraventions of the law and other rules, or other types of misbehaviour that may have taken place inside the federal government's executive branch under the Trump administration. The panel is also entrusted with formulating reform suggestions that might stop similar power abuses from taking place in the future.
13 members of the House of Representatives, comprising nine Democrats and four Republicans, make up the panel. It is led by Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney of New York. As part of its inquiries, the subcommittee has the authority to issue subpoenas and hold open hearings.

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The writer whose work encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act was:a) Henry George. b) Theodore Dreiser. c) Upton Sinclair. d) Ida Tarbell. e) Lincoln Steffens

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The writer whose work encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act was  c) Upton Sinclair option C .

What did Upton Sinclair do best?

Californian author and social activist Upton Sinclair is credited with creating the genre of journalism known as "muckraking." His best-known book, "The Jungle," exposed the disgusting and filthy working conditions in the meatpacking industry.

American author, muckraker, political activist, and 1934 Democratic Party candidate for governor of California, Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. produced approximately 100 books and other works in a variety of genres.

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in order to be able to filibuster, senators are only allowed to discuss matters that are directly related to the legislation being considered. (True or False)

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It is true that senators are only permitted to bring up topics that are directly related to the proposed legislation in order to maintain a filibuster.

Senators are chosen to six-old age conditions, and each two age the appendages of individual class—approximately individual-triennial of the senators—face choosing or reelection. While rights and services bills assign a time delegation of representatives, the Senate concedes the possibility of still intending or receiving by agreeing on improvements.

Today, filibusters wait for any Senate practice, even though only on charter. The Senate selected new criteria in the 2010s to admit a natural adulthood complete debate on nominations. Procrastination is an attempt for the youth of senators to "talk a bill to passing", or stop for fear that the Senate operation on a measure so the billed ability should either drop the bill or change it by some means agreeable to the youth.

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Which bureau contains the Board of Real Estate Brokers and Salespeople?

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Answer: I believe it is the Bureau of U.S. Labor Statistics

Explanation:

Please help
I dont know this ​

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Based on the excerpt, the accurate conclusion is:

C. The Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from denying due process; the Fifth Amendment had been applied only to the national government.

What is the Fifth Amendments?

Generally, The Fifth Amendment's due process clause was originally applied only to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment extended this protection to state governments as well.

The excerpt from the Fourteenth Amendment specifically states that "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

This clause prevents state governments from depriving individuals of their life, liberty, or property without due process of law, which includes the right to a fair trial and other legal protections.

The Fifth Amendment's due process clause, on the other hand, only applies to the federal government.

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Idetify and discuss one defense to contract formation that can be utilized in court?

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Answer:

The most common defenses to enforcement of a contract or liability for damages are:

Enforcement of the agreement would violate public policy. ...

The performance of the contract has become impossible or the purpose of the agreement has become frustrated. ...

The contract is illegal. ...

The agreement lacks consideration.

Explanation:

shonda and brendan are involved in a traffic accident at an intersection where there is a traffic circle, but no posted signs or traffic lights. the two parties agree as to everything that happened in the accident, including the locations of the two cars and the timing of events leading to the accident. based on their pleadings and on information obtained in depositions, the only dispute they have is the interpretation of the state law affecting who had the right of way when they collided in the traffic circle. the appropriate pretrial motion for one of the parties to file is

Answers

The appropriate motion for either of the parties to file is MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGEMENT.

when they collided in the traffic circle. the appropriate pretrial motion for one of the parties to file ?

Motion for summary judgement is a request made that begs a court to determine a case that no factual issue are in dispute and that the case is to be decided in favor of one party or the other based on the legal issues surrounding the case. This judgement involves a court ruling a case on at least one claim.

In this question, since both are in agreement as to what happened during the accident, summary judgement will be made on their interpretation of the state law affecting who had the right of way when they collided.

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What is an example of prejudice vs prejudiced?

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Prejudice is a noun that refers to a preconceived opinion or attitude about a group of people or individuals based on insufficient knowledge, irrational feelings or stereotypes. It is often negative and can lead to discrimination or unfair treatment of the targeted group.

On the other hand, prejudiced is an adjective that describes someone who holds such preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a group of people or individuals.

the policy of keeping a large army and glorifying war known as?

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The policy of keeping a large army and glorifying war known as Militarism.

Militarization is the practice of exalting military might and maintaining a ready military. Citizens felt patriotic knowing that there had a huge and powerful standing army. M militarism is the practice of maintaining a standing army and extolling military might.

A political philosophy known as militarism emphasises the value of military might and exalts military values like bravery, patriotism, and sacrifice. It is frequently linked to the idea that having a strong military is necessary to protect national security and advance national objectives.

Imperial Germany is an illustration of a nation that followed this philosophy; the military was valued as a source of national pride and given a prominent place in society.

The German government made significant military investments, which sparked an arms race with other European nations and ultimately aided in the start of World War I. A political philosophy that sets a high emphasis on having an army ready for battle is referenced by the practise of glorifying military might.

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the married women's property act was a step toward

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The Married Women's Property Act was an essential step towards greater gender equality, social justice, and financial independence, and it helped to challenge outdated views about women's roles and capabilities.

The Married Women's Property Act was a crucial legal reform that helped to address longstanding gender inequalities in marriage and property ownership. Prior to the passage of this law in the 19th century, married women in many countries had few legal rights and were often unable to own property or control their own finances.

The Act allowed married women to own and control their property, including any money they earned, rather than being subject to their husband's control. This gave women greater independence and financial security and helped to challenge traditional gender roles in marriage. The Act also paved the way for further reforms that gradually expanded women's legal rights and opportunities, including the right to vote and increased access to education and employment.

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kamala harris what job or political office does she now hold?

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Kamala D. Harris holds the political office of the Vice President of the United States of America.

Kamala D. Harris was basically elected as the Vice President of the United States after having a lifetime of public service, also after having been elected the District Attorney of San Francisco as well as the California Attorney General, and also the United States Senator.

On August 11, in the years 2020, Vice President Harris accepted the invitation by President Joe Biden to become his running mate and help in the uniting the nation. She is basically the first woman, the first Black American, as well also the first South Asian American to be elected Vice President.

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what is restricted from higher speed roadways

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Certain types of vehicles and certain types of cargo are restricted from higher speed roadways. For example, in the United States, large commercial trucks carrying hazardous materials are generally not allowed on roads with a speed limit of 60 MPH or greater.

The primary legal restriction on higher speed roadways, generally defined as "limited access highways," is that the use of these roadways is restricted to motorized vehicles. High-speed roadways also generally do not allow animals or pedestrians on them, and often have restrictions on bicycle traffic as well. In general, high-speed roadways are reserved exclusively for motor vehicles that are traveling at relatively high speeds.

In certain instances, however, it may be legal to operate a bicycle or a tractor on higher speed roadways, but only if this is permitted by the traffic control devices at the entry points to the roadway.

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the progressive era also witnessed numerous restrictions on democratic participation. the seventeenth and nineteenth amendments, implemented throughout the country, limited the right to vote among the poor and people of color. T or F?

Answers

New literacy tests and residency and registration requirements, common in the North and South, limited the right to vote among the poor in the Progressive era is a true statement.

What is the Progressive Era known for?

Workers' rights, women's suffrage, economic reform, environmental protection, and the care of the poor, especially impoverished immigrants, were just a few of the overlapping concerns that the Progressive Era's leaders worked on. Four constitutional amendments were adopted during the Progressive era, allowing for direct senate elections, extending women the right to vote, approving an income tax, and forbidding manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

The United States experienced substantial political and social reform during the Progressive Era (1896–1917), which was centered on combating waste, monopoly, corruption, and inefficiency.  The Nineteenth Amendment of the US Constitution, passed in 1920, gave women the right to vote after decades of battle.

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what was the hypothesis of the stanford prison experiment

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The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment was that the prisoners and guards were self-selecting.

Zimbardo and his team set out to examine the claim that the main driver of abusive conduct in jail is the intrinsic personality features of both prisoners and guards. The hypothesis was based on self-selecting which means that they were not restricted to any actions and were free to perform whatever they wanted.

A two-week jail simulation was advertised when participants were being sought out. It was assumed that participants who were given the role of a guard would act in a manner consistent with the role, and those who were given the role of a prisoner would act in that capacity.

The exchanges between the guards and the convicts were unrestricted, yet they were unfriendly or even demeaning.

While the convicts were meek and despondent, the guards started acting aggressively and abusive towards them.

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in which situation would it be legal to deliver alcohol? tabc

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It would be held as a completely legal act for someone to deliver alcohol only when the person is at least 21 years of age, or the parents of the minor are present at the time of buying alcohol.

A legal act may be taken into general understanding as the act done by an individual that holds a higher degree of lawfulness. Moreover, the legal acts cannot have a criminal liability over the act committed by an individual, whether with or without the knowledge of the same. The act of delivering alcohol is also considered as a legal act when it is being delivered to a major, or a minor with parents being present at the time of delivery.

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Complete question

In what situation would it be legal to deliver alcohol?

is when someone else uses your personal information to commit fraud.

Answers

Identity theft is when someone else uses your personal information to commit fraud.

Identity theft is a type of fraud in which someone steals another person's personal information and uses it to impersonate them. This stolen information may include a person's name, date of birth, social security number, credit card numbers, bank account information, and other identifying details.
The thief may use the stolen information to open new credit accounts, take out loans, make purchases, or commit other fraudulent activities in the victim's name. This can result in financial losses, damage to the victim's credit score, and even legal issues.
Identity theft can occur through a variety of means, including phishing scams, data breaches, stolen wallets or mail, and even social engineering tactics. It can be difficult to detect and resolve, often requiring victims to contact their financial institutions, credit bureaus, and law enforcement agencies to report the fraud and take steps to prevent further damage.

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The given question is incomplete. The complete questions is given as:

_____ is when someone else uses your personal information to commit fraud.

What is the problem that the city council will be trying to address with
the proposed ordinance?

Answers

The problem that the city council will be trying to address is the homeless population's impact on private property.

What is the role of the city council?

The city council is referred to as an administrative authority that helps in communicating the policies of the government with its citizens and takes feedback from them in order to bring cahnges or modifications.

In the given case, the context of the proposed ordinance is missing so it is assumed that it is related to the issue Of the homeless population.

The community's standard of living is affected by homeless people, which is a very challenging societal issue. One's humanity, social equality, and right to life are all severely violated by poverty.

In order to implement welfare programs for the people, the City Council uses its legislative authority, which includes passing resolutions, ordinances, and the yearly City budget.

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All of the following make it difficult for presidents to control the actions of federal agencies EXCEPT
a. the Civil Service System b. issue networks (iron triangles) c. bureaucratic inertia d. bureaucratic noncompliance e. the appointment of cabinet heads

Answers

The appointment of cabinet heads does not make it difficult for presidents to control the actions of federal agencies. Thus, option E is correct.

Federal agencies are defined as the unique government entities that are established for a particular function, such as resources development, financial control of industry, or national security concerns.

The Civil Service System problem networks (iron triangles), institutional incompetence, and bureaucratic disobedience are aimed at making it tough for presidents to exert control over federal agencies' operations.

The nomination of members of the cabinet somehow doesn't make it impossible for presidents to exert control over government agencies' activity. Thus, option E is correct.

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the progressive era also witnessed numerous restrictions on democratic participation. the seventeenth and nineteenth amendments, implemented throughout the country, limited the right to vote among the poor and people of color.a. trueb. false

Answers

The given statement "The progressive era also witnessed numerous restrictions on democratic participation. The seventeenth and nineteenth amendments, implemented throughout the country, limited the right to vote among the poor and people of color" is false because the seventeenth and nineteenth amendments actually expanded democratic participation.

The seventeenth amendment, which was ratified in 1913, established the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. This amendment expanded democratic participation rather than limiting it.

The nineteenth amendment, ratified in 1920, guaranteed women the right to vote. While it is true that people of color still faced significant barriers to voting during the Progressive Era, the nineteenth amendment extended democratic participation to a previously excluded group.

It is worth noting, however, that the Progressive Era did witness some efforts to restrict democratic participation, particularly through the implementation of literacy tests, poll taxes, and other measures designed to disenfranchise people of color.

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after dna replication, the newly replicated double-stranded dna molecule is made up of __. Relief programs during the Great Depression were often discriminatory because they were controlled by______a. The statesb. Citiesc. Womend. Republicans The popularity of the trumpet (cornet), clarinet, and trombone in jazz was due mostly to the influence ofa. brass bands.b. symphony orchestras.c. the African American folk tradition.d. all of the above ballargeans infant test in which an infant watched a moving screen either pass through or stop on an object suggested that how to find formula mass and molar mass Which of these are used in the therapeutic management of fibrocystic breast disease?1. Taking vitamin E and B 6 supplements2. Taking vitamin A, C, and D supplements3. Dietary changes and vitamin supplements4. Refraining from both smoking and consuming alcohol5. Decreasing potassium intake or taking strong diuretics after menses6. Reducing consumption of or eliminating methylxanthines (i.e., colas, coffee, tea, chocolate) Motherboards are used by both general-purpose and special-purpose computers. True False according to a ____, the party who opens the box automatically accepts the terms by keeping the goods. what happened to the man from 3036 which pattern of arrangement would work best for a speech that outlines the timing of the events leading up to the development of the covid-19 vaccine? how strong should our national government be BRAINLIEST what are some ice breaker questions Two companies offer the following rates for renting photocopiers: - Kan Enterprise: $50 per month and $0.06 per copy; - Enterprise Dev: $75 per month and $0.05 per copy, For what number of copies is the total price charged by companies the same? On the basis of energy requirement, which does NOT belong to the group? a. GLUTS moving glucose molecules from the bloodstream into cells. b. The Na/k pumpc. Spraying lysol in one room and over time smelling it in a room where is wasn't sprayed. d. Pure water rushing into celery stalks and bulking them up. greenpeace is the most visible environmental organization that campaigns on worldwide issues such as climate change and overfishing. this nonprofit organization advocates for environmental preservation. which component of the specific environment is this example about? what has been claimed as the ultimate revelation in the mysteries of demete A polygraph (lie detector) is said to be 90% reliable in the following sense: There is a 90% chance that a person who is telling the truth will pass the polygraph test; and there is a 90% chance that a person telling a lie will fail the polygraph test. (a) Suppose a population consists of 5% liars. A random person takes a poly- graph test, which concludes that they are lying. What is the probability that they are actually lying? (b) Consider the probability that a person is actually lying given that the poly graph says that they are. Using the definition of reliability, how reliable must the polygraph test be in order that this probability is at least 80%? what is 180lbs in kg? The nurse is teaching a group of young women about screening for chlamydia. Which client statement demonstrates that nursing teaching has been effective?a) "If I am a 40-year-old woman with a 'new' partner, I need to be screened again."b) "As a sexually active 19 year old, I need to be screened every 2 years."c) "At age 30, I need yearly testing, even if I have been monogamous for several years."d)"My partner got tested and treated for an STI so I don't need to be tested. what are the passageways that carry proteins and other materials?