Peroneus longus is a muscle located in the lateral compartment of the leg, on the lateral side of the tibia and fibula bones.
In insertion, the muscle originates from the head of the fibula and the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the bone. It then passes inferiorly and laterally, crossing the ankle joint, and inserts onto the first metatarsal bone and the medial cuneiform bone of the foot.
In innervation, the muscle is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve, which arises from the common peroneal nerve. The peroneus longus muscle is responsible for plantarflexion and eversion of the foot, and also helps in maintaining the stability of the ankle joint. It is an important muscle for walking, running, and other weight-bearing activities.
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Question 11
Which method is most common method of applying wastewater to land?
a. ridge and furrow irrigation
b. spray irrigation
c. border strip irrigation
d. overland flow irrigation
The most common method of applying wastewater to land is spray irrigation, which involves using sprinklers to distribute the wastewater over a designated area. The Correct option is C
This method is popular because it allows for even distribution of the wastewater, which helps to prevent waterlogging and soil saturation. Additionally, spray irrigation can be automated, which reduces the need for manual labor and makes it easier to control the amount of water applied to the land.
While other methods such as ridge and furrow irrigation, border strip irrigation, and overland flow irrigation may be used in specific situations, spray irrigation remains the most widely used method of applying wastewater to land due to its efficiency and effectiveness.
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in 1986 a larva of a nonnative species arrived in ballast water discharged from a european ship near detroit. with no known natural enemies, these tiny mussels have run amok causing at least 500 million dollars of damage each year in the great lakes area. what is the name for this invasive mussel?
The invasive mussel you're referring to is the "zebra mussel" (Dreissena polymorpha). It is a nonnative species that arrived in the Great Lakes region from a European ship's ballast water discharge in 1986.
Since then, it has caused significant ecological and economic damage in the area. In biology, an invasive species is a kind of organism that is foreign to a given region or place and has the potential to spread quickly enough to pose a threat to the native species of the region.
In the 1980s, the United States' Great Lakes region unintentionally received the Zebra mussel, which is the situation in this instance. Because it has the ability to outgrow and outcompete native mussel species, or mussel species that are naturally found in the lake, it is a big worry for biologists (like every other invasive species). Despite the absence of a map illustrating the distribution of mussels, the question can be answered using knowledge about invasive species in general.
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What pulmonary gas exchange problems do you expect to see when surface area is lost due to emphysema?
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to a reduction in surface area available for pulmonary gas exchange. This reduction in surface area can result in several gas exchange problems, including decreased oxygen uptake and increased carbon dioxide retention.
In emphysema, the destruction of the air sacs and their walls reduces the available surface area for gas exchange. This results in a decrease in the amount of oxygen that can diffuse across the air sacs and into the bloodstream. As a result, individuals with emphysema may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, and reduced exercise tolerance due to a decreased oxygen supply to their tissues.
Additionally, emphysema can also cause an increase in carbon dioxide retention. The reduced surface area for gas exchange leads to a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can result in symptoms such as headache, confusion, and shortness of breath.
Overall, the loss of surface area due to emphysema can lead to significant pulmonary gas exchange problems, including decreased oxygen uptake and increased carbon dioxide retention. These problems can result in significant health issues and reduced quality of life for individuals with emphysema.
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22. The large structure consisting of a mRNA molecule being translated by multiple copies of the macromolecular complexes that carry out protein synthesis is called a:A) lysosome.B) polysome.C) proteosome.D) ribosome.E) synthosome.
Answer:
A polysome is a big structure made up of several copies of the macromolecular complexes that carry out protein synthesis translating an mRNA molecule. A polysome is a complex produced when several ribosomes simultaneously translate a single mRNA molecule. This enables quick and effective protein synthesis. Each ribosome adds amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain as it grows along the mRNA molecule. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both often have polysomes, which are crucial for the production of a lot of protein.
A, B, C, and E are incorrect options. A membrane-bound organelle called a lysosome is involved in the breakdown of cellular waste. A huge protein complex called a proteosome is used to break down unwanted or damaged proteins. Also, the term "syntosome" is not that known in biology.
Individuals with multiple sclerosis suffer from the degradation of the ______ that encapsulate their axons.A) dendritesB) myelin sheathsC) astrocytesD) axon hillocksE) synapses
Individuals with multiple sclerosis suffer from the degradation of the myelin sheaths that encapsulate their axons. Therefore the correct option is option B.
Individuals with multiple sclerosis have myelin sheaths that encapsulate their axons degrade. The myelin sheath is a fatty material that wraps around a neuron's axon, providing insulation and enabling for more effective electrical signal transmission.
The immune system targets and damages the myelin sheath in multiple sclerosis, causing a breakdown in signal transmission along the afflicted nerves.
This can cause a variety of symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, and difficulties with coordination and balance. Therefore the correct option is option B.
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charles darwin found it difficult to explain altruism. from an evolutionary perspective, it would initially seem that over centuries and generations, altruistic behaviors would because .
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the concept of survival of the fittest, where individuals with the strongest traits survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.
Altruistic behaviors, where an individual sacrifices their own well-being for the benefit of others, do not appear to fit within this framework. However, it is important to note that altruistic behaviors can also benefit the individual's own genes in the long run.
For example, if a parent sacrifices their own safety to protect their offspring, their genes are more likely to be passed on to future generations. Additionally, altruistic behaviors can also benefit the group as a whole, increasing the chances of survival for all members. Therefore, while altruistic behaviors may seem counterintuitive from an evolutionary perspective,
they can still be explained and even favored over time through the complex interplay between generations, behaviors, and the overall benefit to the group. altruistic behaviors would decrease because they may not directly benefit an individual's reproductive success.
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part one.... State a hypothesis based on one of the following question:
Do you think your area has more need than is properly dealt with regarding hunger and food management?
Hypothesis: The prevalence of food insecurity in my area is higher than the existing efforts to address hunger and food management.
What is Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is an educated and testable prediction or explanation about a phenomenon or observation based on existing knowledge and information. It is a proposed explanation or prediction for a phenomenon or an observed relationship between variables that is based on a limited amount of evidence or prior knowledge. Hypotheses are typically formulated as statements that can be tested and validated through empirical research or experimentation. They provide a framework for designing experiments and collecting data to determine whether the predictions or explanations are supported or not. A hypothesis should be clear, specific, and testable to allow for scientific investigation and evaluation.
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Why does pyruvate still have lots of energy at the end of glycolysis?
As there are two pyruvate molecules left behind after glycolysis, they still hold a significant amount of energy that may be extracted.
The process through which glucose is broken down to create pyruvate in a cell's cytoplasm is known as glycolysis. At aerobic circumstances, pyruvate can diffuse into mitochondria where it joins the citric acid cycle and produces reducing equivalents in the form of NADH and FADH2.
The potential energy of pyruvate is lower than that of glucose in Model 1 because it is at a lower position and because four ATP molecules are produced during the conversion of PGAL to pyruvate.
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Rank the following in order of increasing volume: (a) bacterium, (b) virus, (c) water molecule.
A virus is the smallest of the three and consists of a single molecule or a small number of molecules, making it the least voluminous.
Ranking in order of increasing volume: (b) virus, (c) water molecule, (a) bacterium.
A water molecule is larger than a virus but still small and compact, so it has a slightly larger volume. A bacterium is the largest of the three and consists of multiple molecules, making it the most voluminous.
In order of increasing volume, the ranking would be: (b) virus, (c) water molecule, (a) bacterium.
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What is the significance of understanding differences within the species? 3-5 sentence
Answer:
When we understand the differences between species, it allows us to appreciate and understand the diveristy of life on earth while gaiining a deep knowledge of the evolutionary processes that shape it. Scienctists can also then better understand the genetic and enviornmental facts that contribute to these differences.
Lastly it can be important while considering conservation efforts. As it can help identify populations who need different needs, or species that adapt to a certian enviornemnt differently.
A person's ability to perceive differences in stimuli is referred to as
A person's ability to perceive differences in stimuli is referred to as sensitivity.
Sensitivity is the capacity of a person to recognise minute variations in the strength of a stimulus or minute variations between two stimuli. It is the capacity to react to incredibly minute changes in stimuli, such as a barely audible or visual difference.
Thus, sensitivity indicates the capacity to differentiate between various intensities of a stimulus. People with higher sensitivity can distinguish little differences between two stimuli, whilst those with lower sensitivity can only distinguish significant differences.
As it can affect how precisely a person can perceive and react to a stimuli, sensitivity is a crucial aspect in determining the effectiveness of a person's perceptual abilities.
Complete Question:
A person's ability to perceive differences in stimuli is referred to as _________.
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the pressure in a glomerular capillary bed is measured at 45 mm hg, the bowman's space pressure is 10 mm hg and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is 20 mm hg. which change would be associated with constriction of the afferent arteriole?
Constriction of the afferent arteriole would decrease the blood flow into the glomerular capillary bed, resulting in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure.
This would likely lead to a decrease in the filtration rate and urine output. Specifically, constriction of the afferent arteriole would decrease the pressure in the glomerular capillary bed, which would decrease the net filtration pressure (the difference between the glomerular capillary pressure and the sum of Bowman's space pressure and the plasma colloid osmotic pressure), leading to a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. With constriction, less blood flows into the glomerulus, which lowers the pressure in the glomerular capillary bed. This change can impact the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the overall efficiency of the kidney's filtering process.
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Given that there are about 20,000 human genes, how can human cells make 75,000-100,000 different proteins?
The human genome contains approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes, which provide the instructions for building proteins. However, the number of different proteins that can be produced by human cells far exceeds the number of genes, and this is due to several mechanisms that occur during gene expression.
First, a single gene can produce multiple protein isoforms through alternative splicing. This is a process in which different combinations of exons (the coding regions of a gene) are included or excluded from the mRNA transcript, resulting in the production of different protein variants from the same gene. Second, post-translational modifications can modify the structure and function of proteins. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and many others, and they can alter the activity, stability, localization, and interactions of proteins.
Third, protein-protein interactions can create complex structures and functional units. Proteins can interact with other proteins to form complexes, which can have different functions and properties than the individual proteins. In addition, proteins can interact with different partners in different cellular contexts, leading to different functions and properties.
Finally, gene expression is regulated by a complex network of transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and other mechanisms that control when, where, and how genes are expressed. This regulation allows cells to produce different sets of proteins in response to different signals and conditions.
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Naive Th cells differentiate into ________, through the action of dendritic cells, and are then able to recruit neutrophils.a.Th1b.Th2c.Th17d.Treg
Naive Th cells differentiate into Th17 cells through the action of dendritic cells, and are then able to recruit neutrophils. So, the correct option is (c) Th17.
Naive T helper (Th) cells can differentiate into Th17 cells with the help of certain cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are typically secreted by dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Th17 cells are known to play a role in immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi, as well as in the development of certain autoimmune diseases. However, while Th17 cells are able to recruit immune cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, they do so indirectly by secreting cytokines like interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-22 (IL-22). These cytokines stimulate the production of chemokines and adhesion molecules by nearby cells, which in turn attract and activate immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation.
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When a protein is being translated by an ER bound ribosome
When a protein is being translated by an ER-bound ribosome, the growing peptide chain is threaded through the ER membrane and into the lumen of the ER.
As the protein is synthesized, it undergoes post-translational modifications such as folding, glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation, which are facilitated by the chaperone proteins in the ER. Once the protein is properly folded and modified, it is transported to its final destination within the cell or secreted out of the cell. This process is critical for the proper function of many proteins, particularly those that are destined for the cell surface or extracellular space.
When a protein is being translated by an ER-bound ribosome, several key processes are involved. These include:
1. Initiation: The ribosome binds to the mRNA sequence, specifically at the start codon, which signals the beginning of protein synthesis. The first tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine attaches to the start codon.
2. Elongation: The ribosome moves along the mRNA sequence, decoding the genetic information and facilitating the attachment of tRNAs carrying specific amino acids. As each tRNA enters the ribosome, the amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, forming a growing polypeptide chain.
3. Translocation: Once the amino acids are linked, the ribosome shifts one codon down the mRNA, allowing a new tRNA carrying the next amino acid to enter. The process of elongation and translocation continues, extending the polypeptide chain.
4. Termination: Protein synthesis ends when the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA. At this point, the completed polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome.
5. Post-translational modifications: After translation, the newly formed protein undergoes various modifications, such as folding, cleavage, and the addition of functional groups, to become a functional and mature protein.
During these processes, the ER-bound ribosome ensures that proteins destined for the endomembrane system or secretion are correctly targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for further processing and transport.
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How does binding of the trp corepressor to its repressor alter repressor function and transcription? What about binding of the lac inducer to its repressor?
a. The binding of the trp corepressor to its repressor alters repressor function and transcription by stabilizing the repressor's binding to the operator site, inhibiting transcription of the trp operon.
B. The binding of the lac inducer to its repressor affects repressor function and transcription by reducing the repressor's affinity for the operator site, allowing transcription of the lac operon
When tryptophan levels are high, the trp corepressor binds to the trp repressor, increasing its affinity for the operator, thereby blocking transcription. On the other hand, the binding of the lac inducer to its repressor affects repressor function and transcription by reducing the repressor's affinity for the operator site, allowing transcription of the lac operon. When lactose is present, it is converted into allolactose, which acts as an inducer. The lac inducer binds to the lac repressor, causing a conformational change that reduces its affinity for the operator, permitting transcription to proceed.
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During prohpase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _______>
During prophase, a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of two chromosomes, each containing two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
Prophase is a stage of mitosis, the process by which a cell divides its nucleus and then its entire cell contents, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells. During prophase, the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes that become visible under a microscope. The nuclear envelope also breaks down, allowing the spindle fibers to interact with the chromosomes. The centrosomes, which contain the microtubules that form the spindle fibers, move towards opposite poles of the cell. Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, and it is followed by prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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Which of these is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division?A) intramural ganglia B) cholinergic fibersC) myelinated fibers D) branched fibers
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body by promoting the "rest and digest" response, which conserves and restores energy. The parasympathetic division is characterized by several features, including:
A) Intramural ganglia: The parasympathetic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglia located within or close to the target organ. This allows for localized and specific responses. B) Cholinergic fibers: Both preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. ACh binds to nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron and muscarinic receptors on the target tissue, which triggers a response.
C) Myelinated fibers: The preganglionic fibers are myelinated, while the postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated. Myelin sheaths increase the speed of impulse transmission and enable the efficient propagation of signals.
D) Branched fibers: The parasympathetic fibers are relatively short and branch extensively as they synapse with postganglionic neurons in the intramural ganglia. This allows for the widespread distribution of parasympathetic activity.
Therefore, the answer is C) myelinated fibers, which is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division. Preganglionic fibers are myelinated in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, while postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated in both divisions.
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1) During photosynthesis, the electrons released as a result of photolysis does what
(a) reduce a molecule of chiorophyll a in photosystem I/P680
(b) reduce a molecule of chlorophyll a in photosystem I/P700
(c) are directly involved in the fixation of carbon during the Calvin cycle
(d) oxidize a molecule of NAD*
2)imagine a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of what?
(a) the splitting of water
(b) the reduction of NADP+
(c) the synthesis of ATP
(d) the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
(e) the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I
3) Which of the following is incorrect of photosystem lI? It
(a) is located in the thylakoid membrane.
(b) is involved in the oxidation of water.
(c) has a special oxidizable chlorophyll a molecule, called P680.
(d) has an associated antenna complex for light harvesting activity.
(e) is required for cyclic phosphorylation
1) (a) reduce a molecule of chlorophyll a in photosystem I/P680 ; 2) (c) the synthesis of ATP 3) (e) is required for cyclic phosphorylation
What is thylakoid?A thylakoid is a membranous sac found within the chloroplasts of plant cells and is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
1) During photosynthesis, electrons released as a result of photolysis are used to reduce a molecule of chlorophyll a in photosystem II/P680.
2) Puncturing of a thylakoid so that the interior of thylakoid is no longer separated from stroma would directly affect the synthesis of ATP. The synthesis of ATP occurs through chemiosmosis, which involves the generation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
3) Option (e) is incorrect. Photosystem II is not required for cyclic phosphorylation. Cyclic phosphorylation is a type of photophosphorylation that involves only photosystem I and not photosystem II.
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The two essential fatty acids required in an infant's diet are alpha-linoleic and ___ acid.
The two essential fatty acids required in an infant's diet are alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Unsaturated fatty acids like ALA can be found in plant-based foods including nuts, seeds, and some vegetable oils. It serves as a crucial building block for other vital fatty acids, such as DHA.
The long-chain fatty acid DHA, on the other hand, is predominantly present in fish and other seafood. Infants' normal brain and eye development depends on it.
According to studies, infants who consume a sufficient amount of DHA are more likely to have improved cognitive and motor skills. DHA supports healthy visual and neurological development and is crucial for maintaining cell membrane integrity and functionality.
Therefore, for healthy growth and development, it is crucial that newborns consume enough ALA and DHA in their diets.
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What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?-simple epithelium-squamous epithelium-stratified epithelium-simple cuboidal cells-columnar epithelium
When a surface is subjected to physical forces, such as abrasion or pressure, you would expect to find stratified epithelium.
This type of epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, with the outermost layer being flat and scale-like (squamous).
The multiple layers provide protection to the underlying tissues from mechanical stress and injury.
The stratified epithelium is commonly found in areas that are exposed to physical forces, such as the skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina.
On the other hand, the simple epithelium is a single layer of cells and is not ideal for protecting against physical forces.
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelium are different shapes of cells found in both simple and stratified epithelium, but the number of layers is what distinguishes the two types.
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Who sets the maximum pollution levels of each of the six criteria air pollutants? What are they called?
In the United States, the maximum pollution levels for each of the six criteria air pollutants are set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These levels are called National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particle matter, and sulphur dioxide are the six criterion air pollutants. Based on scientific evaluations of their impacts on human health and the environment, the EPA establishes different NAAQS for each pollutant.
The NAAQS define the maximum permitted concentrations of each pollutant in outdoor air and are intended to safeguard public health and welfare while providing an acceptable margin of safety.
The EPA reviews the NAAQS on a regular basis to ensure that they reflect the most recent scientific information regarding the health and environmental effects of air pollution.
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Which theorem states that no two species competing for the exact same resources can coexist?A. Resource partitioning principleB. Competitive exclusion principleC. Complex community network principleD. Dominance species principle
The theorem that states that no two species competing for the exact same resources can coexist is the Competitive Exclusion Principle. option (b)
This principle was proposed by Russian ecologist G.F. Gause, who conducted experiments with Paramecium species to show that when two species compete for the same resources, one species will eventually outcompete and exclude the other.
This principle is important in understanding community structure and the evolution of species, as it helps explain the specialization of different species in utilizing different resources and occupying different niches. Resource partitioning, on the other hand, is the division of resources among species to reduce competition and increase coexistence.
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which structure is highlighted? medial view of the hip joint. the highlighted structure is a y-shaped structure on the anterior surface of the joint. which structure is highlighted? pubofemoral ligament tendon of quadriceps femoris patellar ligament iliofemoral ligament
The iliofemoral ligament is the highlighted structure. The ligament of the anterior cruciate is the highlighted structure. The hip joint from the side.
What is the iliofemoral ligament's range of motion?The iliofemoral ligament strengthens the capsule's anterior aspect. The ligament restricts hip joint extension. The pubofemoral ligament connects to the capsule and the iliofemoral ligament's medial portion.
How can you get rid of hip ligament pain?Applying heat or ice to the affected hip or groin area. This can be accomplished by wrapping a block of ice or frozen vegetables (that is, in plastic bags in a towel or a hot water bottle. Using a bandages with elastic to compress the affected hip to reduce swelling. Wrap the elastic bandage around your hip and pelvis.
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mia's pupils become dilated, her digestion is reduced and her skin becomes cold. Which system is controlling her bodily changes? Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Mia's skin turns chilly, her digestion slows down, and her pupils dilate. Her physical alterations are being controlled by her sympathetic system.
Among other things, this might involve managing your heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urine, and perspiration. The ability of your sympathetic nervous system to react to risky or stressful conditions is its most well-known function.
When a person is confronted with a dangerous or terrifying scenario, one component of the autonomic nervous system, known as the sympathetic nervous system, reacts. It will automatically raise heart rate and respiration while moving blood to the muscles.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are two catecholamines that are released when the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal glands. Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate all rise as a result of this.
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The anterior and middle cerebral arise from the __1__ artery. They serve the __2__ of the brain.
The anterior and middle cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery. They serve the lobes of the brain.
The internal carotid artery leads to major paired arteries two of which are the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery that supply blood to the brain. The medial and lateral surfaces of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes receive blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery.
The third major paired artery that emerges from the basilar artery and supplies blood to the brain's occipital lobe is called the posterior cerebral artery. Together, these three arteries make up the circle of Willis, a network of arteries in the shape of a ring that aids in ensuring that blood still reaches the brain even if one of the arteries is blocked or injured.
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The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called
The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called emphysema.
The obstructive lung disease you're referring to, in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced, is called emphysema. Emphysema is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs and impairs the efficiency of gas exchange, leading to shortness of breath and other complications.
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Through the microscope, you see cells swimming. Each cell has a long tail that moves in a whip-like manner. What type of cellular extension have you observed? cilium centriole microvillus flagellum
The long tail moving in a whip-like manner that is observed through the microscope indicates the presence of flagella. Flagella are whip-like extensions that are found on certain types of cells, such as sperm cells, that allow them to move through fluids or across surfaces.
Cilia are similar to flagella, but they are usually shorter and more numerous. They are also found on certain types of cells and are involved in movement or in the movement of fluids over a surface. Centrioles are small cylindrical structures found in eukaryotic cells that are involved in cell division. They are not involved in cellular movement or extensions. Microvilli are finger-like projections on the surface of some types of cells, such as epithelial cells, that increase their surface area for absorption or secretion. They are not involved in cellular movement or extensions.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question is flagellum.
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Trace the blood flow for each of the following situations :
b) from the mitral valve to the tricuspid valve by way of the great toe
The great toe is not the part of the circulatory system, therefore blood flow cannot be tracked from the mitral valve to the tricuspid valve by way of the great toe.
The heart has two valves that control blood flow: the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. Through the superior and inferior vena cavae, blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the body. The tricuspid valve allows blood to enter the right ventricle. The pulmonary artery carries the blood to the lungs, where it is oxygenated, after being pumped by the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve.
The pulmonary veins then allow oxygenated blood to enter the left atrium and return to the heart. Blood enters the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The oxygenated blood is then pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve. From where the blood is distributed in whole body.
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After watching a Netflix documentary that details the effect rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere have on global warming, your uncle claims that excess CO2 in the atmosphere is good for plants, because they need it for photosynthesis. He also says that rising temperatures are good because it makes chemical reactions happen faster. State if you think this opinion has scientific merit and justify your answer. Please be specific with factors that affect photosynthesis!!
Answer:
No it does not. The effects of global warming have taken drastic effects on Earth and the carbon dioxide is not good whatsoever in the Earth's atmosphere. It may play a role but having a larger quantity is not good.
Explanation:
Most plants have a sweet spot for photosynthesis between 85 and 95 F. Below this, and chemical reactions are slower, above this, and the plant starts shutting down because it's losing water too rapidly. (Plants in very humid climates can do better this way). So plants in areas that have cool summers will generally do better -- as long as it isn't *so* much warmer that they are no longer adapted. Plants that are in warmer areas will do worse -- they spend more time, on average at temps too high to photosynthesize.
But WAIT, there's MORE.
With more CO2 plants grow faster. This is used in greenhouses, and they will run the CO2 up to a thousand parts per million.
There are two classes of photosynthesis referred in the literature as C3 and C4. Turns out that C3 plants don't benefit much from increased CO2, but C4 plants do. A lot of our food crops are C3. Most of our weed crops are C4. So increased CO2 overall helps the weeds at the expense of the crops.
THAT's not ALL
If you don't act now, we will include at NO EXTRA CHARGE, Shifting Rainfall Patterns. Your farm can have a different amount of rain than everyone is used to.
Even in places that get the same average rainfall each year, the variance may be different. E.g. June rain records for 10 years:
3, 3.5, 3, 4, 3.5, 4, 5, 2.5, 3, 2.5 = average 3.4
2, 5, 2,3, 3, 2, 6, 2.5, 5, 1.5 = average 3.4
(if I've not screwed up my arithmetic) But look at how much more variation there is in the second one. The century from 1880 to 1980 was one of the most stable ones in history. This means more crop failures. More heat waves AND more cold snaps -- but with the heatwaves over balancing the cold snaps overall. More droughts and more floods. Take a look where you live. If you live on a flood plain, think about moving. If your street has ever had a rain that was more than the storm drains could cope with; if you are on a coast that has *ever* been hit with a hurricane, or paralyzing winter storm that brought the city to a halt and created wide spread property damage; if you live in a region subject to evacuations for forest fire then give some thought to how you are going to cope with the next natural disaster.
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Now to the main center: Does a higher concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere enhance photosynthesis?
It can. It’s not the only factor, but everything else being equal, an increase in CO2 from the pre industrial level of 280 PPM up to current 420 PPM does help plants grow faster.
Everything else isn’t always equal though, so the entire Earth isn’t getting greener, contrary to what some people claim. Parts of the Earth are less green as a result of the increase in CO2. Some parts are flooded by salt water and the soil is harmed. Some parts are drier and prone to increased drought or wild fires, or prone to larger temperature shifts, so it’s not all good news. Not even close. In fact, climate change brings significantly more harm than benefit.
But to the specific question, higher CO2 can increase the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of plant growth, which can also lead to less nutrition in those plants if they are being grown for food.