The judicial system contributes to the creation of laws. The meaning, character, and reach of the laws passed by the legislature are really determined by the court rulings. As these interpretations define the laws, the judiciary's understanding of the law amounts to lawmaking.
By defining a crucial judicial decision as one that "establishes a legal rule or principle that is employed to resolve future cases, thereby distinguishing itself from judgments doomed to spend eternity on the ash heap of legal history," they shorthanded the term importance to mean "having precedential value."
The United States Supreme Court is the highest court in the land and the only branch of the federal judiciary that the Constitution expressly mandates.
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which of the following is false about the power of courts? a. courts are not absolutely bound to favor one technique of statutory interpretation over another. b. courts can distinguish prior decisions in common law cases. c. state supreme courts can overrule their own prior decisions. d. courts can make or interpret law in the absence of a case.
A court also called the court of law, is a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and resolve disputes in civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military cases.
What is the meaning of Court?A court, often known as a court of law, is a person or group of people with the power to hear and decide issues involving civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military conflicts.
The Latin form crtem, the accusative case of cohors, which again implies an enclosed yard or the tenants of such a yard, is derived from the French word cour, which signifies an enclosed yard.
There must be fundamental divisions between trial and appellate courts, general and limited jurisdiction courts, and criminal and civil courts. Federal, global, and constitutional courts are also available.
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What is the meaning of individual rights?
Individual rights are moral or legal rights given to a individual.
The rights are assigned and protected by the constitution itself, to honor their liberty and freedom. These rights are protected by the judiciary and whenever a person violates such rights of another person the constitution gives the individual the right to seek help from judiciary. Individual rights are personal rights given to a person to protect his sovereignty but these don't exist in vaccum they are followed by numerous liberties as well which the person is liable perform. Individual rights enabled citizens to live freely and own property, and work according to their own interest without violating the rights of others.
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The percentage of the last dollar you earn that goes toward your taxes is your
A) tax deferral rate.
B) base tax rate.
C) average tax rate.
D) marginal tax rate.
The percentage of the last dollar you earn that goes toward your taxes is your marginal tax rate.
Marginal tax rate refers to the tax rate that applies to the last dollar of income earned by an individual or business. It is the tax rate applied to every extra dollar of income. In other words, it is the tax rate that applies to the next dollar of income earned.
For example, let's say an individual has a taxable income of $50,000 and the tax rate for that income bracket is 20%. The individual's marginal tax rate would be 20%, which means that any additional dollar of income earned above $50,000 would be taxed at a rate of 20%.
It is important to note that the marginal tax rate is different from the effective tax rate, which is the total amount of taxes paid as a percentage of total income. The effective tax rate takes into account all the tax brackets and deductions that apply to an individual or business's income.
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the development depicted in the excerpt had most in common with which of the following earlier developments?
The development depicted in the excerpt had most in common the earlier developments: expansion of the telegraph system during the Gilded Age
How did telegraph system expanded in Gilded Age?The telegraph was similar to many other nineteenth-century inventions. It supplanted an existing technology, drastically reduced costs, was monopolized by a single company, and was eventually supplanted by a newer technology.
Like most radical new technologies, the telecommunications revolution of the mid-1800s was not a revolution at all, but rather consisted of many inventions and innovations in both technology and industrial organization.
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what major congressional overhaul of communications law opened the door to far more competition by permitting companies to compete in multiple media markets—radio, television, magazines, etc.?
The Telecommunications Act of 1996, a major congressional revamp of communications legislation, allowed firms to compete in many media industries such as radio, television, publications, and so on.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is a US federal legislation that was approved by the 104th American Congress on January 3, 1996, and enacted into law to Bill Clinton on February 8, 1996.
The Federal Telecommunications Act 1997 and its accompanying legislative package went into force on July 1, 1997. The Act, among other things, sets a mechanism for the control of overhead wires and mobile telephone towers.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was a major congressional change of communications civil law, permitted firms to compete in different media markets.
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As paid fire fighters became more common, what feature of modern fire stations was required to accommodate fire fighters who were there for extended hours?
As paid fire fighters became more common, sleeping quarters feature of modern fire stations was required to accommodate fire fighters who were there for extended hours.
The fire fighters had to work day and night and for those who work in extended hours the feature of sleeping quarters adopted in modern fire stations is very important. This can help in maintaining their health and to give them a balanced sleep cycle. Installation of such features in every fire station building would help the efficient working of these fire fighters. It can prevent them from over exertion due to excessive work and will help in securing their health.
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based on the theory that leon festinger developed in a campaign, individuals likely would seek information that supports their own points of view. t/f
The given statement "based on the theory that Leon Festinger developed in a campaign, individuals likely would seek information that supports their own points of view" is true based on the theory of cognitive dissonance developed by Leon Festinger.
Leon Festinger developed the theory of cognitive dissonance, which suggests that people have a tendency to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and attitudes while avoiding information that contradicts them.
This phenomenon is known as confirmation bias. In other words, individuals are more likely to seek out information that supports their own points of view in order to maintain consistency and reduce psychological discomfort.
The theory of cognitive dissonance highlights the powerful role that our existing beliefs, attitudes, and values play in shaping how we perceive and respond to new information.
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what are factions in federalist 10
According to Federalist 10, Faction is a group of people with similar interests and issues rising in democracy and arguing that they often oppress minorities.
The Federalist Papers' tenth portion, Federalist 10, is an essay by James Madison that emphasizes the need of ratifying the United States Constitution. It was first published in 1787. In this essay, Madison analyzed factions, a class of citizens with shared concerns and issues that have emerged in democracies, and he made the case that these groups frequently oppress minorities.
Madison advocates a type of the representative republic as the most effective defense against powerful oppressor groups because he sees factions as a big problem for the state and interests of minority groups.
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What is the role of the Texas Senate in appointments made by the governor?
The Texas Senate confirms the governor's nominees further they can remove nominees from office.
The governor of Texas is head of the state of Texas. The governor is head of the executive and legislative branch of the government and the commander in chief of the military of Texas. Governors were nominated across the state which is confirmed by the senate by a motion of majority further the senate has the right to remove any nomination from such a election on the basis of certain circumstances or situations. The senate can also convict the governor under the Constitution requires a two-thirds vote of the Senate to convict, and the penalty for an impeached official upon conviction is removal from office. The senate can prohibit such officials from holding public offices in the future.
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as a provision of this piece of legislature, college students who complete fafsa are asked about prior or existing drug convictions
At the turn of the century, many drugs were made illegal when a mood of temperance swept the nation.
Under Roe v. Wade (1973), as originally decided, when may the state largely prohibit women from having abortions?
A. The state may do so at any time during the pregnancy as it is seeking to foster maternal health and protect fetal life.
B. The state may never do so during the pregnancy as the woman has an absolute right to privacy and to end her pregnancy whenever she wishes.
C. The state's interest in prohibiting abortions is greatest during the third trimester of the pregnancy; thus, the state may prohibit women from seeking abortions in some conditions.
D. Roe did not involve abortion rights. In the Supreme Court's view, it created the implied right to privacy, based on the "penumbra" of protections emanating from the Bill of Rights.
The correct option is, C. The state's interest in prohibiting abortions is greatest during the third trimester of the pregnancy; thus, the state may prohibit women from seeking abortions in some conditions.
Roe v. Wade (1973), a significant decision by the U.S. S. According to a Supreme Court ruling, the right to decide whether to get an abortion is guaranteed by the US Constitution. It led to an ongoing abortion debate in the United States about whether or to what extent abortion should be legal, who should decide whether or not abortion is legal, and where moral and religious beliefs should fit into politics.
Numerous abortion-related federal and state laws were declared invalid by the ruling. Discussions about the procedures the Supreme Court ought to use when making constitutional decisions were also influenced by the judgment.
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TRUE OR FALSE it is always necessary for an agent to disclose the identity of the principal to any third person with whom he is contracting; else the contract becomes void.
the supreme court has made each of the specific guarantees in the bill of rights applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. when was this legalized?
This legal doctrine, commonly referred to as the incorporation doctrine, was established in the Supreme Court case of Gitlow v. New York in 1925.
In Gitlow, the Supreme Court ruled that key Bill of Rights protections were applicable to the States under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
This decision, which is generally referred to as the incorporation doctrine, started a protracted process of applying the majority of the Bill of Rights' protections to the States.
The First Amendment's freedom of speech, the Second Amendment's right to bear arms, the Third Amendments' ban on quartering soldiers, the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable search and seizure, the Fifth Amendment's due process clause, the Sixth Amendment's right to a speedy and public trial, the Seventh Amendment's right to a jury trial, the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment have all been subject to the incorporation doctrine.
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it is up to the individuals being negatively affected by the social determinants of health to change the barriers and policies.
It is untrue that individuals who are negatively impacted by social determinants of health are responsible for changing the laws and regulations.
Social determinants of health such as want, uneven approach to health care, ignorance, shame, and racism are fundamental, providing determinants of health inequities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is dedicated to attaining betterings in people's lives by lowering strength inequities
'Income and public status' is the alone most influential cause of health. People accompanying bigger incomes generally live more interminable, more athletic lives than crowds with lower incomes. Health rank corrects at each accelerate the income and hierarchy.
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The complete question is:
(True/ false) it is up to the individuals being negatively affected by the social determinants of health to change the barriers and policies.
the law of demand states that a/an ______________ relationship exists between price and quantity demanded.
The law of demand states that an inverse relationship exists between price and quantity demanded.
This means that as the price of a good or service increases, the quantity demanded of that good or service will decrease, and conversely, as the price of a good or service decreases, the quantity demanded of that good or service will increase.
The law of demand is a fundamental concept in economics that helps explain how consumers behave in response to changes in prices.
There are several factors that can influence the demand for a good or service, such as changes in consumer preferences, changes in income levels, changes in the availability of substitute goods, and changes in the price of complementary goods.
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the 2012 fiscal cliff was avoided by the passage of ______.
The 2012 fiscal cliff was avoided by the passage of the American taxpayer relief act of 2012.
The government of United States 2012 fiscal cliff refers to the combined effect of numerous previously-enacted laws that came into effect altogether in January 2013, by increasing taxes and decreasing spending. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA) was enacted and passed by the United States Congress on January 1, 2013, and was signed by the president of United State Barack Obama on January 2, 2013 . The act was passed as a approach to combine spending cuts and hiking taxes and to prevent most of the sunsetting tax from expiring. The act permanently fixed the Alternative Minimum Taxes.
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Which of the following is true regarding caps on punitive damages in Title VII cases based on discrimination other than race?
A. Punitive damages are capped at $300,000 for employers of more than 500 employees.
B. Punitive damages are capped at $50,000 for employers of between 100 and 200 employees.
C. Punitive damages are capped at $25,000 for employers of between 25 and 50 employees.
D. All the above.
E. There is no cap on punitive damages.
There is no cap on punitive damages in Title VII cases based on discrimination other than race.
What is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law that prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Under Title VII, an employee who has been subjected to unlawful employment discrimination can seek remedies such as back pay, front pay, compensatory damages, and punitive damages.
While there are caps on punitive damages in some other types of cases, there is no cap on punitive damages in Title VII cases based on discrimination other than race.
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why does madison claim this document is being written
Madison claimed that these documents were being written to address the concerns and objections raised by the Anti-Federalists, who were opposed to the Constitution.
James Madison, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and the fourth President of the United States, is best known for his contribution to the creation of the U.S. Constitution.
If you are referring to the Federalist Papers, a collection of essays written by Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.The Federalist Papers were written to persuade the public to support the Constitution by explaining its principles and addressing the objections of the Anti-Federalists, who feared a strong central government and the lack of a Bill of Rights.
Madison and his co-authors sought to convince the public that the Constitution was a necessary and effective means of establishing a stable and effective government for the United States.
The proper question is " Federalist Papers ,why does madison claim this document is being written?"
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what is the primary purpose of the no fear act
The primary purpose of the No Fear Act is to promote accountability and transparency in the federal government and to prohibit discrimination and retaliation against federal employees who report violations of law, fraud, waste, or abuse.
what rule (law) did the court reference in the stephen a wheat trust v sparks case? (choose two correct answers)
1. Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law
2. Fraudulent inducement may be based on claims of concealment where the seller knows of the defect but simply keeps quiet about it.
3. Hicks contends that surgery for the herniated disc is materially different from the minor head and neck injuries contemplated at the time of release.
4. Hicks argues her post-Release injuries are materially different from those contemplated in the Release, thus amounting to a mistake of fact
The rule (law) that the court referenced in the Stephen A Wheat Trust v Sparks case are - 1. Summary judg-ment is proper when there is no genuine issue of mat-erial fact and the movant is en-titled to judgment as a mat-ter of law.
2. Fraud-ulent inducement may be based on law claims of conceal-ment where the seller knows of the defect but simply ke-eps quiet about it.
Wheat, as Trustee (collect-ively “the Wheat Trust”), sued Robert Ab Sparks IV and Louise Lack-ey Sparks (collect-ively “the Sparks”) for fraud arising out of the Sparks' sale of a hou-se to the Wheats. Follow-ing a hearing, the trial court entered judg-ment in favor of the Sparks, and this appeal followed.
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following the second selma march, this law was passed by congress eliminating the use of literacy tests for voter registration purposes and allowing federal workers to register voters in southern states. what law is this?
The law that was passed by Congress following the second Selma March is the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
In addition to allowing federal workers to register voters in southern states, this historic legislation abolished the use of literacy tests for voter registration.
The Act also included provisions to safeguard African Americans' right to vote by establishing federal oversight of state election procedures and outlawing any discriminatory actions that might limit or deny that right.
Additionally, it gave the U.S. Attorney General permission to file cases against governments that deprive its residents of their right to vote through the use of discriminatory methods.
This Act was a significant turning point in the history of civil rights and had a significant impact on preserving African Americans' ability to vote.
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What is Amazon leadership principle?
The leadership principle of Amazon corporation states that the leaders give utmost importance to their customers to earn and build trust among them. It has also been stated that leaders are aware of the competitors, but customers are their utmost obsession.
The leadership principle of every corporation can be understood as the principles on which a company operates with an intention to provide effective leadership within its environment. The leadership principles are more or less aimed towards growth and profitability of the company during the given course of business operations.
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Federal confidentiality requirements are provided to a patient when _____.​
a.​ Facilities receive a discovery request pursuant to a lawsuit
b.​ They are discharged from a substance abuse treatment program
c.​ Patients are admitted to a substance abuse treatment program
d.​ Payers request records to verify treatment prior to approving payment
Federal confidentiality requirements are provided to a patient when patients are admitted to a substance abuse treatment program.
Hence, the correct option is c.
Federal confidentiality requirements are provided to a patient at the time of admission to a substance abuse treatment program under the federal law known as 42 CFR Part 2. This law mandates that substance use disorder treatment records be kept confidential and provides guidelines for when and how these records can be disclosed.
Patients must be informed of their rights and given a notice of privacy practices at the time of admission to a substance use disorder treatment program.
Facilities may also receive a discovery request pursuant to a lawsuit or payers may request records to verify treatment prior to approving payment, but the federal confidentiality requirements are not provided to the patient in those instances.
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the bureaucracy is sometimes referred to as the ""fourth branch"" of the federal government. why?
The bureaucracy is sometimes referred to as the "fourth branch" of the federal government because it plays an important role in the implementation and administration of government policy and programs, alongside the three branches of government outlined in the U.S.
Constitution: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
The bureaucracy, which includes the various federal agencies, departments, and commissions, is responsible for carrying out the day-to-day operations of the federal government. This includes implementing laws and policies enacted by Congress, administering programs such as Social Security and Medicare, and enforcing regulations to protect public health, safety, and the environment.
Although the bureaucracy is technically part of the executive branch, it operates independently of the President and Congress to a large extent, with career civil servants and agency heads making decisions and carrying out programs according to established rules and procedures. As such, it is sometimes referred to as a "fourth branch" of government, as it has significant power and influence over public policy and administration.
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in what ways may the constitution be changed informally?
The United States Constitution can be changed informally in a variety of ways, but these procedures do not result in formal amendments to the Constitution.
Through the interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme CourtThrough the use of executive orders:Through the actions of CongressThrough social and cultural changeThe United States Constitution can be changed informally in a variety of ways, but these procedures do not result in formal amendments to the Constitution.
Through the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution: The Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution and its amendments in cases brought before it.Using executive orders: The President has the authority to issue executive orders that have the force of law.Via legislative action: Congress has the authority to enact laws that influence the interpretation and implementation of the Constitution.Via social and cultural change: Social and cultural developments can affect how the Constitution is interpreted and applied throughout time.For such more question on constitution:
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the vast majority of holdings in a law library are reporters (publications of past legal decisions). how are these old cases important or useful?
Reporters, which are publications of past legal decisions, are important and useful for several reasons:
Legal PrecedentLegal ResearchHistorical ContextCritical AnalysisLegal EducationReports, which are publications of previous legal decisions, are significant and useful for a number of reasons:
Legal precedent: Establishing legal precedent is one of the most essential functions of reporters. The notion of legal precedent states that a court decision should be followed by other courts in comparable instances.
Reporters are an important resource for legal research. Reporters are used by lawyers and legal researchers to locate cases that are relevant to their present legal difficulties.Historical Context: Reporters give historical context for the growth of legal concepts and the law.Legal academics can discover faults or contradictions in legal reasoning by analyzing historical instances, which can lead to reforms in the law.Reporters have a crucial role in legal education.For such more question on legal research:
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For purposes of diversity jurisdiction, a corporation is considered to be a citizen of:
A. Every state in which it is incorporated and the one state in which it has its principal place of business
B. The first state in which it was incorporated and every state in which it does substantial business
C. The first state in which it was incorporated and the one state in which it has its principal place of business
D. Every state in which it is incorporated and every state in which it does substantial business
For purposes of diversity jurisdiction, a corporation is considered to be a citizen of each and every state in which it has been incorporated, and the state in which it has its principal place of operations of its business. Therefore, the option A holds true.
A corporation has a principal place of business in the state where its headquarters are usually registered. However, since it might operate in many states, it is considered as a citizen of each and every state that it operates in. This concept of citizenship is considered for the purpose of diversity jurisdiction.
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What is the feminist theory in politics?
As a political movement, feminism strives to combat inequality and women's subjugation in society, culture, economy, and politics.
Feminist politics seeks to end the dominance of women by criticizing and changing the institutions and beliefs that encourage it. In addition to focusing on oppression, feminist theory takes into account the lived experiences of any individual or group, not simply women.
Disrupting oppression is a fundamental tenet of feminist work, despite the fact that there may not be agreement on where feminist thought fits as a theory or paradigm.
The goal of feminism is to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism is a collection of sociopolitical movements and beliefs.
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What does the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution guarantee *?
Answer:
14th amendment basically means anybody born or naturalized in the United States is guaranteed equal by law
Explanation:
14th amendment
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
what do you think is the most important issue our country is facing this year? choose one topic from the state of the union address, and explain how you might solve it.
Overpopulation is undoubtedly the most significant problem that India is currently experiencing.
What is overpopulation?The biggest issue India is currently facing is without a doubt overpopulation.
After China, India has the second-highest population in the world. Given that it affects more than 1.20 billion of the more than 7 billion people on the planet, overpopulation is one of the more significant issues that our nation is currently dealing with.
causes of population growth. Extension of Life Expectancy India's average yearly birth rate declined from 42 per 1,000 in 1951–1961 to 24.8 per 1,000 in 2011, although its decadal mortality rate decreased from 42.6 in 1901–1911 to 8.5 in 2001–2011.
Lack of access to transportation, communication, housing, healthcare, and other necessities is the outcome.
The number of slums, congested housing units, traffic jams, etc. has increased.
Use of resources: Forests, water resources, and land are all overused.
Therefore, overpopulation is undoubtedly the most significant problem that India is currently experiencing.
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