PVD can occur by sputtering, in which energetic ions collide with a target to expel (or sputter) target material, or by evaporation (thermal resistive and e-beam), which depends on heating a solid source material past its vaporization temperature.
Works with a wide range of materials, including those with higher melting points that can't go via thermal evaporation. Better step coverage compared to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or sputtering. More material use efficiency. Higher deposition rates. Sputtering is a phenomena in physics whereby small particles of a solid are ejected from its surface after the solid has been attacked by intense plasma or gas particles. It happens naturally in space and may cause unwanted wear in precision components.
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Can You Fail a Drug Test from Secondhand Smoke?
The answer is no, you probably don’t get high from someone else’s smoke. The expression "contact high" suggests that you could experience a buzz if you breathe in cannabis secondhand smoke.
Similar to tobacco cigarettes, this mode of consumption emits smoke that non-users might inadvertently breathe in. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, that gives marijuana its "high," does exist in this secondhand marijuana smoke. Our teams of scientists frequently receive inquiries from people interested in learning more about how marijuana smoke from other people could affect a drug test.
To clarify the air on this subject, we consulted Dr. Barry Sample, Senior Director of Science & Technology at Quest Diagnostics. According to him, even with today's higher THC levels in marijuana, "there are no published, peer-reviewed studies that demonstrate that someone would test positive owing to "passive" or "incidental" exposure at events like parties or concerts."
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___ refers to all the different genes contained within all members of a population.
The term "genetic-diversity" refers to the wide variety of genes that exist in a population as a whole. The many genes that each unique plant, animal, fungus, and bacterium have constitute genetic variety.
Both inside and across species, it happens. All the variations seen within and between species populations as well as between various species make up species diversity. The notion of diversity refers to a group of people having a variety of diverse traits.
The term "genetic diversity" refers to the wide variety of genes that exist in a population as a whole. An individual genetic trait is encoded by a gene, which is a fragment of DNA found in a chromosome.
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the axon hillock is the location of large quantity of voltage-gated channels. (True or False)
True ,The axon hillock is the location of large quantity of voltage-gated channels.
An action potential propagates down an axon, away from the cell body, because voltage-gated channels are mostly present on the axon hillock and axon.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels are highly concentrated in the axon hillock and are activated upon reaching the threshold potential of the membrane.
An opening of chemically gated channels happens in response to a neurotransmitter binding. Changes in electrical charge (potential) across the plasma membrane cause voltage-gated channels to open.
The transition from the cell body to the axon is where the axon hillock is situated. For the purpose of communicating with many target cells, axons can branch.
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nutrient the body uses to build and maintain cells and tissues and provide energy; may also act as hormones or enzymes.
The nutrient that the body uses to build and maintain cells and tissues, and provide energy, and may also act as hormones or enzymes, is called "protein."
Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids and are essential for the growth and repair of tissues, as well as for the production of enzymes and hormones that regulate various bodily processes. Protein-rich foods include meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, beans, and nuts.
Protein provides numerous benefits to the body. Here are some of the most important benefits of protein:
Building and repairing tissues: Protein is essential for building and repairing tissues in the body. This is particularly important for athletes, bodybuilders, and people recovering from injuries.
Muscle development: Protein is necessary for muscle development and maintenance. It provides the building blocks needed to support muscle growth and repair.
Overall, protein is a crucial nutrient that provides numerous benefits to the body, and it is essential for overall health and wellbeing.
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place the brain waves in order from fastest to slowest. 1. Alpha. 2. Beta. 3. Delta. 4. Gamma. 5. Theta.
Answer:
The order from fastest to slowest is: Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta, Gamma.
When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential, this is an example oftemporal summation.the refractory state.spatial summation.an action potential with an abnormally high peak of depolarization.tetanus.
This is an example of spatial summation. When several EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock from different dendritic locations, depolarizing the postsynaptic cell to threshold for an action potential.
Spatial summation is while gradually large numbers of number one afferent (presynaptic) neurons are activated simultaneously, till enough neurotransmitter is launched to spark off an movement capacity withinside the spinal cord (postsynaptic) neuron. Spatial summation takes place while numerous susceptible indicators from unique places are transformed right into a unmarried large one, even as temporal summation converts a speedy collection of susceptible pulses from a unmarried supply into one big signal. There are forms of summation: spatial and temporal. Spatial summation entails simultaneous indicators coming from more than one presynaptic neurons being obtained with the aid of using a unmarried postsynaptic neuron. Temporal summation entails a unmarried presynaptic neuron speedy-firing indicators to a postsynaptic neuron.
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What type of adipose tissue tends to decrease as humans age? a. Brown adipose tissue b. White adipose tissue c. Unilocular adipose tissue d. Multilocular adipose tissue
A and D are the correct option. Age-related declines in brown and beige adipose tissue mass and thermogenesis activity are associated with lower energy expenditure in the elderly.
Aging causes a reduction in brown adipose tissue function, which may hasten the development of metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity. The mechanisms causing the metabolic deterioration of brown adipocytes with ageing are still partially understood. Aging causes both peripheral subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) to drastically diminish. Generally, a prolonged positive calorie balance, decreased physical activity, and a lower basal metabolic rate cause adipose tissue mass to grow with age (28).
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What is the main function of epiglottis?
The main function of the epiglottis is to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing.
What is the epiglottis ?The epiglottis is a flap of tissue located at the base of the tongue, and it is attached to the entrance of the larynx (voice box). During swallowing, the larynx moves upward and the epiglottis folds back over the larynx, forming a seal that prevents food and liquid from entering the airway.
This allows the food and liquid to pass down the esophagus and into the stomach, while keeping the airway clear for breathing.
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Where is the Smallest Bone in the Body?
The smallest bone in the human body is called the stapes or stirrup bone, and it is located in the middle ear.
The stapes bone is one of the three tiny bones in the middle ear, collectively known as the ossicles. The stapes bone is approximately 3 millimeters long in adults, and its shape is similar to a stirrup, which is where its name comes from. Despite its small size, the stapes bone plays a crucial role in the process of hearing, as it transmits sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
Human skull theory is a pseudoscientific method of predicting various aspects of an individual's personality or behavioral traits based on the shape, size, and features of their skull. This theory has its roots in phrenology, a discredited 19th-century field that attempted to link mental attributes with the shape and size of the skull.
Proponents of human skull theory believe that various regions of the skull correspond to different personality traits, such as intelligence, aggression, and creativity. For example, they may argue that individuals with larger forehead areas are more intelligent, while those with prominent brow ridges are more aggressive.
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2. how much bacterial growth do you see on each plate, relatively speaking?
The LB/amp and LB/amp/ara plates that were infected with the pGLO bacterial plasmid ought to have several colonies on each (optionally up to 75 colonies). On the LB/amp -DNA plate, there should be no growth.
On each of the two (+) pGLO plates, there ought to be about 75 bacterial colonies. There is a uniform distribution of bacteria on the LB plate, making it impossible to count individual colonies.
Since the antibiotic on plate number four only permits bacteria carrying the pGREEN plasmid and its antibiotic resistance gene to grow, this plate is where the transformants are found. When exposed to UV light, the altered bacterial colonies emit a green glow. The greatest experiment would be to streak some of the bacteria on the LB plate.
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Imagine that you have two blades of grass. One is from a normal plant, and the other is from a mutant plant that cannot produce vacuoles. How will the structures of these two blades of grass compare?
-The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear unpigmented compared to that from the normal plant.
-The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear limp compared to that from the normal plant.
-The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear taller than that from the normal plant.
-The grass blade from the mutant plant will be sturdier compared to that from the normal plant.
-The grass blades from the mutant and normal plant will appear identical.
-The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear limp compared to that from the normal plant.
The grass blade from the mutant plant will appear limp compared to that of the normal plant. According to the findings, all traits among the mutants and their parent showed a substantial amount of diversity.
The majority of the mutants had shorter grass heights, fewer reproductive branches and internodes, shorter leaf lengths, and narrower leaves. In certain mutants, the turf density was higher than in Yangjiang. Compared to their Yangjiang parent, several mutants' inflorescence density was usually lower. 12 mutants with low inflorescence density were chosen as prospective offspring based on the physical traits, and SRAP molecular markers were used to determine their genetic make-up. The findings demonstrated that, when compared to Yangjiang, all 12 mutants displayed variations in amplified polymorphic segments, demonstrating that all mutants had undergone DNA-level alterations.
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Some scientists think that complex eukaryotic cells formed from the union of
two separate prokaryotic cells. The engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by
another is a plausible explanation of why
A,eukaryotic cells lack the defense mechanisms of prokaryotic cells.
B,eukaryotic cells don't share any similarities with prokaryotic cells.
C,organelles in a eukaryotic cell work cooperatively.
D,organelles in a eukaryotic cell would attack other cells.
which energy system has its enzymes housed in the mitochondria?
The energy system of aerobic or cellular respiration has its enzymes housed in the mitochondria.
Cellular respiration is the process of synthesizing energy in the form of ATP by the use of oxygen. The process begins through glycolysis, continues by citric acid cycle and ends at the electron transport system (ETS) in the mitochondria.
Mitochondria is the double membranous cell organelle having a prokaryotic origin. The inner membrane is folded into various finger-like projections called cristae. The ETS occurs at the inner membrane. The mitochondria also possess its own genetic material, through which mitochondria can synthesize some of its proteins.
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Sheila plants white flowers and collects the seeds from all the plants once they mature. She plants the seeds from her flowers, expecting plants with white flowers to grow, but some of the offspring have purple flowers.
How could parent plants that have white flowers produce offspring with purple flowers? Use a Punnett square and an explanation as a part of your answer
If both parents were heterozygous for the flower color gene, then it is possible for their offspring to have purple flowers even though both parents had white flowers. This is because the purple allele is recessive and only shows up in the (observable traits) when an individual has two copies of the allele (ww).
What is Offspring?
Offspring are the descendants produced by the reproduction of one or more parents. The term is commonly used in the context of animal or plant reproduction, and it can refer to the offspring of sexual or asexual reproduction. Offspring can be genetically identical to their parents, as in asexual reproduction, or they can be genetically diverse, as in sexual reproduction where offspring inherit genetic material from both parents.
The most likely explanation for parent plants with white flowers producing offspring with purple flowers is that they were both heterozygous for the flower color gene. In other words, each parent had one dominant white allele (W) and one recessive purple allele (w). When the parents reproduce, their offspring have a 25% chance of inheriting two white alleles (WW), a 50% chance of inheriting one white and one purple allele (Ww), and a 25% chance of inheriting two purple alleles (ww).
To demonstrate this, we can use a Punnett square. The Punnett square is a tool used in genetics to predict the outcomes of a cross between two individuals. It shows the possible combinations of alleles that can be passed from the parents to their offspring.
Assuming both parent plants were heterozygous (Ww), the Punnett square would look like this:
| W | w
--|-----|-----
W | WW | Ww
--|-----|-----
w | Ww | ww
From the Punnett square, we can see that there is a 25% chance of the offspring inheriting two white alleles (WW), a 50% chance of inheriting one white and one purple allele (Ww), and a 25% chance of inheriting two purple alleles (ww).
Therefore, if both parents were heterozygous for the flower color gene, then it is possible for their offspring to have purple flowers even though both parents had white flowers. This is because the purple allele is recessive and only shows up in the phenotype (observable traits) when an individual has two copies of the allele (ww).
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what would you expect to observe with regard to the current if more than one enzyme facilitated the complete breakdown of glucose instead of a one-enzyme partial breakdown of glucose?
If more than one enzyme facilitated the complete breakdown of glucose instead of a one-enzyme partial breakdown of glucose, we would expect to observe changes in the rate and/or efficiency of glucose metabolism, as well as changes in the byproducts produced.
The complete breakdown of glucose occurs through the process of cellular respiration, which involves several enzymatic reactions. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme, and each enzyme has a specific optimal range of temperature, pH, and other environmental conditions for optimal activity.
If more than one enzyme is involved in glucose metabolism, we would expect to see a more complex regulatory mechanism of the pathway. This would require coordination among the enzymes to ensure proper timing and control of the reactions.
Additionally, the byproducts produced during glucose metabolism may be affected. For example, if different enzymes are used to break down glucose, the relative amounts of carbon dioxide, water, and energy produced during the process might differ. Furthermore, the accumulation of intermediate metabolites may also differ depending on the enzymes involved.
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Is AA heterozygous recessive or dominant?
AA is typically used to represent a homozygous dominant genotype, in which an individual has two copies of a dominant allele.
Heterozygous genotype, in which an individual has one copy of a dominant allele and one copy of a recessive allele, the answer would depend on the specific trait being considered.
For some traits, the dominant allele may be completely dominant over the recessive allele, meaning that even if an individual has only one copy of the dominant allele, the dominant phenotype will be expressed. In this case, the heterozygous genotype would be considered dominant.
For other traits, the dominant allele may be only partially dominant over the recessive allele, meaning that the phenotype of the heterozygous individual may be intermediate between the two homozygous genotypes. In this case, the heterozygous genotype may be considered incompletely dominant or codominant.
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--The given question is incorrect, the correct question is
"Is AA heterozygous or homozygous dominant or recessive?"--
What are discrete packets of light that can be used to create food for the plant?
Answer:
✿´`·.·´`✿A photon is a discrete unidirectional packet of light that is absorbed by chlorophyll. During the light-dependent reactions: A photon is absorbed by the chlorophyll and hits electrons inside PSII and causes the electrons inside the pigment to become excited.
1-) Of all the mutations that occur in a population, why does only a small fraction become widespread?
2-) Why ir rapied evolutionary change more likely to occur in a small papulation?
Type of neural code in which different perceptual qualities are signaled by the pattern of activity across many neurons. This contrasts with specificity coding, in which qualities are signaled by activity in a specific type of neuron (P. 71).
Rate coding, TTFS coding, phase coding, and burst coding are the four neural coding schemes that were chosen because of their significance in comprehending the underlying information encoding mechanism.
Their significant roles in numerous nervous system components. Short cytoplasmic projections called dendrites originate from the cyton and descend downward to the sense organs and receptors (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin). They pick up on stimuli and transmit them to the neuron's cyton, allowing the central nervous system to react appropriately. The afferent portion of somatosensory neural pathways is made up of sensory neurons. Dendrites are finger-like extensions that take in sensory information and convey it to the cell body through the axon.
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What are the different types of neural codes with the different perpectual qualities?
which structures would be found in a bacterium, but not in a human cell?
Bacteria lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus, in contrast to eukaryotic (true) cells. A area of the cell known as the nucleoid is where the chromosome, a single continuous strand of DNA, is localized but not confined.
The presence of peptidoglycan, which is situated directly outside of the cell membrane, distinguishes the bacterial cell wall from that of all other organisms. An equal number of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) residues alternate in the polysaccharide backbone that makes up peptididoglycan.
Many eukaryotic cell structures are absent from bacteria. They lack a nucleus, for instance. They also lack organelles that are attached to membranes, such chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial cells have DNA that is distinct from eukaryotic cells.
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Correct Question:
What type of structures would be found in a bacterium, but not in a human cell?
Cells can regulate their internal osmotic pressure by controlling the solute concentration inside of the cell.a. Trueb. False
The statement regarding osmotic pressure and solute concentration is true. Because by varying the concentration of solutes inside the cell, cells can control their internal osmotic pressure.
The pressure produced by the passage of water across the membrane during osmosis is known as osmotic pressure. This pressure is necessary to stop solvent molecules from passing through the semi-permeable membrane.
The osmotic pressure of a solution is dependent on the molar concentration of the solute particles in it. As a result, they are both directly proportional to one another. As the solute molar content increases, the osmotic pressure of the solution also increases. Therefore, the statement is true.
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Rickettsias differ from chlamydias in that rickettsiasO require an arthropod for transmission.O are intracellular parasites.O are gram-negative.O are enterics.O form elementary bodies.
Rickettsias differ from chlamydias in that rickettsias require an arthropod for transmission.
define Rickettsias ?
Rickettsias are a group of Gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they cannot survive outside of a host cell. They are named after Howard Taylor Ricketts, an American pathologist who discovered them in the early 1900s.
Rickettsias are often transmitted to humans through the bites of arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice, and can cause a variety of diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, and Q fever. Rickettsias have a unique life cycle that involves both a vertebrate host and an arthropod vector.
Rickettsias differ from chlamydias in that rickettsias require an arthropod for transmission. Rickettsias are a type of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning they can only survive and replicate within the cells of a host organism.
They are also gram-negative bacteria, which means they have a thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. Chlamydias are also obligate intracellular parasites, but they do not require an arthropod vector for transmission.
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How big is the blue pit viper?
The blue pit viper is adults grow to a length of 1.2 to 1.5 meters. They can survive in captivity for up to 30 to 40 years. They live in West and Central Africa in the wild.
Blue pit vipers are aggressive predators with a "tendency towards combat over flight," according to the Australian Geographic. Its venom seldom causes death, but it is "hemorrhagic," meaning it can result in excruciating agony, swelling, and both internal and external bleeding.
Unbeknownst to you, cottonmouths are pit vipers, which means they have heat sensitivity. They are among the world's largest vipers, with adults reaching lengths of up to four feet. Cottonmouths are semi-aquatic creatures that inhabit lakes, rivers, and marshes in the Southeast of the United States.
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If communication between the SA node and the AV node became blocked, which will most likely occur?
a. The rate of ventricular contraction will decrease
b. Afterload will increase
c. The rate of atrial contraction will decrease
d. Stroke volume will increase to 5L/beat
If communication between the SA node and the AV node became blocked, it is likely that Option (c) the rate of atrial contraction will decrease.
The SA node is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that stimulate the atria to contract, while the AV node acts as a gatekeeper to delay the impulses before they are transmitted to the ventricles. If the communication between these nodes is blocked, the atria will not receive the impulses they need to contract properly, which can result in a decrease in the rate of atrial contraction.
This, in turn, can have a downstream effect on the ventricles, which may also contract at a lower rate due to the decreased input from the atria. However, the exact effect on stroke volume and afterload will depend on the severity of the blockage and other factors, and cannot be determined solely based on the information provided.
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What are ribosomes responsible for synthesising?
Answer:
The ribosome is universally responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence. Ribosomes use cellular accessory proteins, soluble transfer RNAs, and metabolic energy to accomplish the initiation, elongation, and termination of peptide synthesis.
Answer: Proteins
Explanation:
Ribosomes are universally responsible for synthesizing proteins.
which is broader and more inclusive: a scientific theory or a hypothesis?
A scientific theory is boarder and more inclusive not hypothesis. When the scientists test an idea, they develop a theory by following a set of logical steps and this is how scientific theory formulates.
A collection of empirical (experimental) laws pertaining to regularities occurring in objects and events, both observed and posited, make up scientific theory, which is a systematic ideational framework of large scope created by the human imagination.
A scientific theory is a framework developed to explain these rules in a way that is consistent with science.
An assumption is said to as a hypothesis when it is supported by evidence. Any investigation that turns the research questions into predictions must start here. Variables, the population, and the relationships between the variables are among its constituent parts.
A hypothesis used to examine the link between two or more variables is known as a research hypothesis.
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You are looking for a legitimate, qualified dietitian to advise you on a healthy eating plan for your family. Which characteristic might alert you to do further research?
a. An undergraduate degree in food and nutrition or a related science
b. Completion of an approved dietetic internship or its equivalent
c. Use of the term nutritionist after the individual's name
d. Successful completion of a national examination and maintenance of continuing education
e. A degree earned at an institution accredited by the Council on Education
The correct answer is c. Following the person's name, the word "nutritionist" is used.
While nutritionists are often knowledgeable about nutrition and food, they do not have the same level of education and training as registered dietitians, who must complete an accredited dietetic program and pass a national examination. Therefore, you should do further research if the individual is using the term "nutritionist" after their name, to determine if they are a qualified dietitian.A nutritionist is a health care professional who specializes in food and nutrition. They help people understand the importance of good nutrition and how it affects their overall health and wellbeing. They also provide individualized dietary advice, help people set goals to reach and maintain a healthy weight, and provide resources and advice on how to make healthier food choices. Nutritionists can also provide advice on which vitamins and minerals to take, as well as how to read nutrition labels and plan a balanced diet.
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Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.A. PigmentsB. RNAC. NucleusD. CytoplasmE. RibosomesF. DNA
Answer:
Answers, answers is
B E F
Explanation:
B E F
What best describes the change in overall cancer mortality rate in 2015 compared to 1999? Multiple Choice a) The mortality rate declined by about 20%. b) The mortality rate declined by about 50%. c) The mortality rate changed very little during that time period. d) The mortality rate increased by about 20%. e) The mortality rate increased by about 50%.
The cancer mortality rate declined by 20% in 2015. Thus, option A is correct.
What is cancer?Uncontrollable growth as well as spread of body's cells to the other parts of the body is called cancer. There is no particular region in the body where cancer can be formed because cancer can form in almost any part of the body.
Cell division is the process in which cells multiply and grow in order to create new cells. But sometimes disturbance in this process can result in formation of abnormal or damaged cells which are responsible for formation of the tumor.
Cancer continues to be the most common cause of death worldwide. therefore, correct option is A.
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The origin of a new plant species by hybridization coupled with nondisjunction is an example ofA) allopatric speciation.B) sympatric speciation.C) autopolyploidy.D) heterochrony.E) habitat selection
The beginning of another plant species by hybridization, combined with mishaps during cell division, is an illustration of autopolyploidy. The correct answer is (C).
Speciation by hybridization: For instance, when Loren Rieseberg and collaborators reproduced the phylogeny of a few sunflower animal categories, they found that few species had been shaped by preparations between different species.
Parent plants produce posterity that is polyploid. Consequently, the posterity lives in a similar climate as their folks, however, are reproductively disconnected.
A potential illustration of sympatric speciation is the apple slimy parasite, a bug that lays its eggs inside the product of an apple, making it decay. As the apple tumbles from the tree, the slimy parasites dive into the ground prior to arising as flies a while later.
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