The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is through the mucous membranes, which line the body's internal cavities and are found in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts.
Mucous membranes are moist, and warm, and provide an excellent environment for pathogens to thrive. Respiratory infections, such as the flu, often enter the body through the nose or mouth and can cause illness by infecting the respiratory tract.
Gastrointestinal infections, such as norovirus, often enter through the mouth and can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and other digestive symptoms. Sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia, often enter through the urogenital tract.
Other portals of entry for pathogens include breaks in the skin, such as cuts or abrasions, and direct contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood or saliva. Additionally, some pathogens can be transmitted through the air, such as through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
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Which laboratory result is the most critical in recognizing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)?
A. Fibrinogen level
B. Prothrombin time
C. D-dimer
D. Platelet count
Option D. Platelet count laboratory result is the most critical in recognizing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially fatal side effect of the blood thinner heparin. When you have HIT, your immune system forces your platelets to clot in the presence of heparin, resulting in a reduction in platelet counts.
What are the signs and symptoms of HITT?HIT may be indicated by symptoms of new blood clot development. Deep vein thrombosis symptoms include discomfort or tenderness, rapid swelling, discolouration, clearly big veins, and warm skin to the touch.
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which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)? which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)? immune response hormone transport clotting oxygen transport
While erythrocytes do play a role in other body functions, such as immune response and hormone transport, their primary function is to transport oxygen, making oxygen transport the body activity that would be most affected by anemia.
What is Anemia?
Anemia is a medical condition in which the body lacks a sufficient number of healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes) or hemoglobin, which is the protein in red blood cells.
There are many different types of anemia, each with their own causes and symptoms. Common causes of anemia include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, chronic diseases, genetic disorders, and blood loss.
If a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia), the body activity that would be most affected is oxygen transport. Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are specialized cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Anemia is a condition in which there is a decrease in the number of erythrocytes or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin, the protein in erythrocytes that carries oxygen. As a result, the body's ability to transport oxygen to the tissues is reduced, which can lead to fatigue, shortness of breath, weakness, and other symptoms.
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Which organ has both digestive and endocrine functions?a. Pancreasb. Pituitaryc. Thyroidd. Adrenale. Cortex
The organ that has both digestive and endocrine functions is a, Pancreas. An exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic fluid that carries bicarbonate and digestive enzymes.
The pancreas is an stomach organ owning each endocrine and exocrine functions. It produces a whole lot of hormones that frequently pertain to regulating blood sugar levels. As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic fluid that carries bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. The pancreas is each an endocrine and exocrine organ. It releases sure enzymes to resource in digestion introduced to the intestine through the pancreatic duct. The endocrine pancreas additionally releases hormones which include insulin and glucagon, which might be hormones predominantly associated with glucose metabolism, into the blood stream. The mind and the endocrine device manipulate digestive processes. The mind controls the responses of starvation and satiety.
Thus, the correct option is a.
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cftr has multiple transmembrane domains. what would be the properties of the amino acids comprising that region of the protein?
CFTR is a single polypeptide with two transmembrane domains (TMDs), two nucleotide-binding domains, and an N-terminal lasso motif (NBDs) .
On various surfaces throughout the body, including the surface of the lung, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein aids in regulating the balance of salt and water.
Cells become entrapped with chloride, a salt component, when the protein is not functioning properly. The deletion of phenylalanine 508 (F508del) in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is a mutation that has been linked to the disease (CFTR). The CFTR's first nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) contains the amino acid. Gating issues and faulty channel processing result from this mutation.
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how many generations does it take to develop a new plant species by polyploidy
With the formation of unreduced gametes or doubled somatic cells, polyploidy can yield the antecedents of new species inside one generation (autopolyploidy) as well as two generations (allopolyploidy) (Ramsey and Schemske, 1998; Mason and Pires, 2015).
In just one or two generations, fully separated polyploid species can appear, and in as little as 60 generations, diploid and homoploid hybrid species can reach isolation.
In some circumstances, polyploids can be employed as a bridge enabling gene transfer between two species when crossing between them is not feasible due to differences in ploidy level. Moreover, polyploidy frequently causes meiotic mistakes that impair fertility, enabling the development of seedless cultivars. According to some estimations, between 30 and 80 percent of species of live plants are polyploid.
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the sarcoplasmic reticulum is more extensive in smooth muscle fibers than in skeletal muscle fibers. (True or False)
True. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is an intracellular organelle that stores calcium ions and helps regulate muscle contraction.
What is muscle?Muscle is a tissue made up of cells and fibers that contract to create movement in the body. It is responsible for the movement of bones and other organs. Muscle is made up mainly of protein and is divided into three different types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movement and is attached to the skeletal system. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and intestines and is responsible for involuntary movement. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
In skeletal muscle fibers, the SR is organized into tubular networks that are closely associated with the myofibrils. In contrast, the SR of smooth muscle fibers is more extensive and less evenly distributed.
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how long does one cell cycle last in fertilized clam eggs ?
The duration of the cell cycle in fertilized clam eggs can vary depending on several factors such as temperature, pH, nutrients, and the size of the egg.
However, in general, the cell cycle in fertilized clam eggs takes approximately 12-24 hours to complete. During this time, the fertilized egg undergoes a series of stages, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis, which result in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.The cell cycle is a series of events that occur in eukaryotic cells, leading to the replication and division of a cell into two daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of two main phases: interphase and the mitotic phase.In interphase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. Interphase is further divided into three stages: G1, S, and G2.During the G1 phase, the cell grows and synthesizes proteins necessary for DNA replication. In the S phase, the cell replicates its DNA, producing two identical copies of each chromosome. Finally, during the G2 phase, the cell grows and synthesizes proteins required for cell division.The mitotic phase consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the spindle apparatus forms. In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell. During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
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How does the structure of DNA identified by Watson and Crick differ from the model previously proposed by Linus Pauling and others?
Pauling's model had three bases that protruded, but the Watson-Crick model had two bases that pointed in and formed pairings with adenine (A) and thymine (T) and cytosine (C) and guanine (G) (G).
In "A Structure of Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid," Watson and Crick referred to DNA as a double helix made up of two protracted, helical strands that are coiled together. Each DNA strand in their model comprised discrete components known as bases, and the bases along one DNA strand matched the bases along the other DNA strand. James Watson and Francis Crick's discovery of the double helix, or twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in 1953 was a turning point in the history of science and gave rise to the field of molecular biology.
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Question
Each pectoral girdle is made of
A
Two innominates
B
Two clavicles and two scapula
C
One clavicle and one scapula
D
Two clavicles and one scapula
Medium
The correct option is B ; Two clavicles and two scapula . The clavicle and scapula are the two principal bones that make up the pectoral girdle.
The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is an S-shaped bone that is located horizontally in the front of your body. It supports your shoulder, promotes full range of motion, and safeguards the blood vessels and nerves that connect your upper body to your trunk. The only direct link between your axial skeleton and pectoral girdle is provided by your clavicle.
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the cytoplasm contains ions and molecules dissolved in
The cytoplasm contains ions and molecules dissolved in water.
What is Cytoplasm?Cytoplasm may be characterized as gel-like fluid present inside the cell. This fluid is significantly present inside the cell but outside the nucleus. It is made up of about 80% water and is usually clear and colorless. It plays an essential role in the transport of molecules or ions in and out of the cell.
Within the cytoplasm, various cell organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum are also present which facilitates the metabolism of the cell. It provides ideal conditions for all those organelles in order to play their function effectively and promote the survival of individuals.
Therefore, the cytoplasm contains ions and molecules dissolved in water.
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What is the name given to the reaction that breaks peptide bonds? A) dehydration reaction. B) anabolism. C) denaturation. D) hydrogenation. E) hydrolysis.
Some bonds, like peptide bonds, are broken via hydrolysis, which employs a water molecule. Protein hydrolysis results in the release of the amino acid components (option E).
Describe anabolism.The process by which the body uses the energy liberated by catabolism to manufacture complex molecules is known as anabolism. Cellular structures are created from small, basic precursors, which serve as building blocks, using these complex molecules as the final product.
What are anabolism and catabolism?Energy is needed for anabolism in order to increase size and strength. Energy is required for the breakdown process known as catabolism. All living things have metabolic processes that cooperate to do tasks like produce energy and repair cells.
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which cause of abnormality is often a focus of biological approaches?
The physical problems that underlying the mental disease are the focus of the biological approach to abnormal psychology.
These problems could include physical disease, brain injury or lesions, or chemical imbalances. Drugs are typically used in biological treatments, which means that most biological treatments are pharmacological.
The biological model of abnormality, which is the only one not based on psychological principles, is predicated on the idea that since the brain, neuroanatomy, and associated biochemicals are all physical objects that interact to mediate psychological processes, any treatment for mental abnormalities must be physical or biological.
Neurotransmitters and hormones are two additional biological components, in addition to genes, that effectively contribute to an individual's deviant behaviour. Abnormal neural plasticity or brain dysfunction are brought on by neurotransmitter imbalances, such as those involving GABA, norepinephrine, etc.
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the walls of arteries and veins have three layers called ...
The three layers of the walls of arteries and veins are called tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
The tunica intima is the artery's or vein's innermost layer. It is made up of a thin layer of endothelial cells, which create a smooth surface that aids in blood flow. The middle layer, known as the tunica medium, contains smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres that enable the artery or vein to dilate and constrict in response to variations in blood pressure. The outermost layer, the tunica externa, is made up of connective tissue and collagen fibres that support and shield the artery or vein. These three layers work together to keep the blood vessels' shape and functionality intact.
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what is the primary usage of the pygmy goat?
Pygmy goats are great as organic lawn mowers and also produce milk.
Small and robust, pygmy goats have a thick coat of straight, medium-length hair. Pygmy goat males grow lengthy, thick beards.
The Pygmy Goat originated in Cameroon in West Africa and was first known as the Cameroon Dwarf Goat. Currently, West African nations continue to have a significant population of this kind of goat. A few Cameroon goats were imported from Africa and kept as exotic animals in zoos in Sweden and Germany. From there they made their way to England, Canada, and the United States.
While some may have entered the country earlier without documentation, the first record of pygmy goats in the US dates to 1959. The Catskill Game Farm in New York and the Rhue family in California both got shipments of pygmy goats from Sweden in 1959.
In the United States and other parts of the world, pygmy goats are a well-liked breed. Pygmy goats are grown mostly as pets in the US and other countries. They are common in petting zoos and are both popular exhibition and companion animals. They serve as efficient natural lawn mowers and generate milk as well.
Completely black; grizzled black, gray, or brown (colored and white hairs mixed); with white hairs frosted on the nose, crown, eyes, ears, and occasionally the tail; or light to mid-caramel with dark legs, a dark dorsal stripe, and facial markings. White belly bands or patches can occasionally be seen interrupting these coat patterns. All colors are recognized in West African, Australian, and UK populations, including pied and mixed hues, different markings, and haphazard patches in West African dwarf and pygmy goats.
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In depth summary of asexual reproduction? Quick pls
Answer:
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent. The new individuals produced are genetically and ...
Two parents take part: Single parent
Fertilization takes place: No Internal fertilization or External fertilization
Variation occurs in offspring: Offspring are genetically identical to each other and to t...
Gametes are involved: No gametes
Answer:
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a single parent and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. This process is used by many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and some animals. There are several different types of asexual reproduction, each with its own unique characteristics. In binary fission, a common form of asexual reproduction in bacteria, the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. In budding, a form of asexual reproduction used by some fungi and invertebrates, the parent produces a small, genetically identical bud or outgrowth that eventually separates from the parent and grows into a new individual.
how do gasses enter and exit the leaves of plants
Through openings in the epidermis called stomata the gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour move in and out of leaves.
Each stoma which is the singular form of stomata is surrounded by two guard cells. As these guard cells deflate or swell, the passages into the leaf either open or shut, thus regulating the materials that pass in and out of the plant.
Stomata are tiny, microscopic and critical for photosynthesis. Stomata resemble doughnuts — a circular pore with a hole in the middle for gas to enter or leave the plant.
Stomata are usually more numerous on the bottom of leaves. Stomata also provide for the exchange of gases between the outside air and the branched system of interconnecting air canals within the leaf.
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The correct question is:
How do gases enter and exit the leaves of plants?
How does chromosome condensation relate to gene expression? a Gene expression tends to be higher in more condensed areas of the chromosome. b Gene expression and chromosome condensation are unrelated to each other. c Gene expression tends to be higher in less condensed areas of the chromosome.
The following statement relates chromosome condensation to gene expression:
c. Gene expression is higher in less densely packed sections of the chromosome.
Chromosomal condensation refers to the process by which DNA in a chromosome is condensed into a smaller volume by being twisted around proteins called histones. The degree of chromosomal condensation can affect gene expression by affecting the accessibility of DNA to the cellular machinery that transcribes and translates genes into proteins.
Since the DNA in less condensed parts of the chromosome, known as euchromatin, is more accessible to transcription factors and other proteins involved in gene expression, these regions are often linked with greater levels of gene expression. More condensed sections, known as heterochromatin, on the other hand, are frequently linked with lower levels of gene expression because the DNA is more tightly wrapped and hence less accessible to transcription factors and other regulatory proteins.
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What are 5 examples of heterogeneous mixtures?
Five examples of heterogeneous mixtures are: Salad, Blood, Soil, Concrete and Trail mix.
Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures in which the components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture, and it's possible to see distinct phases or regions within the mixture.
Salad: A salad is a mixture of vegetables, fruits, and other ingredients that are not uniformly distributed. For example, a typical salad may contain lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, and croutons, which can be easily distinguished from one another.
Blood: Blood is a mixture of cells, proteins, and other substances that are suspended in plasma. The cells are not evenly distributed throughout the plasma and can be seen as a separate phase within the mixture.
Soil: Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, water, and air. The components of soil are not evenly distributed, and it's possible to see distinct layers and regions within a sample of soil.
Concrete: Concrete is the mixture of cement, sand, and water. The components are not uniformly distributed, and it's possible to see different phases within the mixture.
Trail mix: Trail mix is a snack food that typically includes a mixture of nuts, dried fruits, and other ingredients.
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At which catabolic step is the greatest quantity of ATP produced?A) oxidative phosphorylationB) citric acid cycleC) glycolysisD) pyruvate oxidation
The greatest quantity of ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation, which is Option A, as the process occurs in the mitochondria and involves the electron transport chain.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?This oxidative phosphorylation process can produce up to 28–32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule in cellular respiration, making it the most efficient pathway for ATP production in aerobic respiration while glycolysis produces a net of only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule and the citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation produce only a few ATP.
Hence, the greatest quantity of ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation, which is Option A.
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a plant that produces two kinds of spores is called ____ A homosporyB heterosporyC aposporyD sporogenesis
Option A is Correct. Homospory refers to a plant that generates two different types of spores. By virtue of their vascular tissue, pteridophytes may be separated from other spore-producing plants called bryophytes.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms generate both microspores and megaspores, which develop into male and female gametophytes, respectively. Vascular plants called pteridophytes create spores. Ferns, horsetails, clubmoss, and spikemoss are a few of them.
These are the plants that create specific spores. Microspores or megaspores may be formed as spores. A bisexual gametophyte that generates both male and female gametes is formed from the spores produced by homosporous plants. The two main spore types generated by fungus are conidia and sporangiospores. The processes that cause them to form can be used to separate them from one another.
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how did bailey and pillard lack construct validity
Bailey and Pillard's study from 1991 has been criticized for lacking construct validity because the study's design was based on a questionable assumption that sexual orientation is a binary, dichotomous trait.
Additionally, the study relied on a limited sample size and selection bias, which may have affected the generalizability of the results. The study examined the sexual orientation of 56 pairs of male twins, including both identical and fraternal twins, and found that a higher percentage of the identical twins (52%) reported being gay than the fraternal twins (22%). Based on this finding, the study concluded that there is a genetic component to sexual orientation. However, the study's design was limited in several ways. For example, the sample size was relatively small, and the subjects were not representative of the broader population. The study also relied on self-reported sexual orientation, which is a subjective measure and may not accurately reflect a person's sexual orientation. Moreover, the study did not explore other possible factors that could influence sexual orientation, such as social or environmental factors, and it failed to address the complex and multifaceted nature of sexual orientation. In summary, the lack of construct validity in Bailey and Pillard's study was due to its flawed design, which did not adequately account for the complexity of sexual orientation and failed to consider a range of potential influences on sexual orientation beyond genetic factors.
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a researcher may use a blanket authorization for all research purposes?
An IRB has authorized a waiver of authorization for hiring. It is not acceptable to obtain a general research authorization for recruiting purposes.
A patient cannot be asked to sign a form authorizing a researcher (or anybody else) to contact them about undetermined future studies, as a result. An authorization is a comprehensive document that grants covered entities permission to use protected health information for specific purposes that are typically not related to treatment, payment, or health care operations or to disclose protected health information to a third party that the individual specifies.
With the exception of disclosures connected to the TPO (Treatment, Payment, Operations) of the entity in charge of the PHI or under certain circumstances, PHI disclosures under HIPAA require a special permission.
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Each of the following events occurs during mitosis except _______.
A) polar microtubules contract, pulling attached chromosomes toward the poles
B) chromosomes condense
C) microtubules assemble between centrioles
D) nuclear membrane breaks down
polar microtubules contract, pulling attached chromosomes toward the poles is not an event that occurs during mitosis.
define microtubules ?
Microtubules are cylindrical structures composed of protein subunits called tubulin. They play a critical role in several cellular processes, including maintaining cell shape, cell division, and intracellular transport of materials.
Microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton, which is a network of protein fibers that helps to maintain the structural integrity of cells and aids in cellular movement.
They are involved in the formation of spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella, which are involved in cellular motility.
polar microtubules contract, pulling attached chromosomes toward the poles is not an event that occurs during mitosis. During anaphase, the polar microtubules (also called spindle fibers) lengthen and push the two poles of the cell away from each other, causing the sister chromatids to separate and move toward opposite poles.
The separation of chromatids is facilitated by the shortening of the polar microtubules. So the correct answer is A.
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a catheter remaining inside the body for a prolonged time based on need is called___
A catheter remaining inside the body for a prolonged time based on need is called indwelling catheter.
A catheter is a tube like structure which is inserted inside the body to either provide a pathway to insert something inside just as it is in intravenous injections or to let something flush out of the body similar to what happens in urinary pleasures. Inserting either type of catheter can be uncomfortable in the first place. The main disadvantage of using a catheter for prolonged duration is that it increases the chances of infections. The indwelling catheter is a catheter that sits in the bladder. It is advised to change the indwelling catheters in every three months. This will also enhance the mobility of the place where the catheter is fixed.
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What are the 3 structures of DNA?
Answer: phosphate group, sugar molecule, and nitrogen base
Explanation: classroom notes
Cooperative San José of southern Sonora state in Mexico makes a unique syrup using cane sugar and local herbs. The syrup is sold in small bottles and is prized as a flavoring for drinks and for use in desserts. The bottles are sold for $12 each. The first stage in the production process is carried out in the Mixing Department, which removes foreign matter from the raw materials and mixes them in the proper proportions in large vats. The company uses the weighted-average method in its process costing system.
A hastily prepared report for the Mixing Department for April appears below:
The Mixing Department's report for April shows that it used $60,000 of materials and incurred $20,000 of conversion costs to produce 10,000 bottles of syrup, resulting in a unit cost of $8 per bottle.
What is Unit Cost?A unit cost is a total expenditure incurred by a company to produce, store, and sell one unit of a particular product or service. Unit costs are synonymous with cost of goods sold (COGS). This accounting measure includes all of the fixed and variable costs associated with the production of a good or service. Unit cost is a crucial cost measure in the operational analysis of a company.
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if all of the fungi on earth ceased to exist, what would happen to the local carbon cycle?a. Because fungi are photosynthetic, less CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere.
b. Because fungi are decomposers, less CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere.
c. Because fungi are photosynthetic, more CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere.
d. Because fungi are decomposers, more CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere
What might happen to the regional carbon cycle if all fungus vanished off the face of the planet Less CO2 would be emitted back into the atmosphere because fungi are decomposers. several antibiotics
What do notes on fungi in biology mean?
Notes on fungi's biology are provided in the article below. The word "fungus," which is derived from a latin word word "fungour," which means to flourish, is pluralized as "fungi." The phrase was mostly used to describe mushrooms that grow over night.
What varieties of fungus are there?
Full Article Any of the approximately 144,000 species of creatures in the kingdom Fungi—which also includes yeasts, rusts, rusts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms—that are considered to be fungi. Moreover, there are several fungus-like species that do not actually belong to the fungi Kingdom but are frequently referred to as fungi, such as slime molds and slime molds (water molds).
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What structures along which homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite daughter cells.
When studying with a friend for a test, what key points about osmosis would you make sure you tell them? Check all that apply. a.Osmosis refers to the movement of water along a concentration gradient. b.In osmosis, water moves to equalize solute concentrations on either side of the membrane c.If osmosis occurs across a membrane then diffusion is not occurring d.The movement of water across a membrane con affect the turgor pressure of some cells
The net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane is known as osmosis.
What is Osmosis?Osmosis the movement must take place through a membrane that is semipermeable or selectively permeable.
Osmosis is the naturally occurring diffusion or passage of water or other solvents over a semipermeable membrane.
A solution will tend to become more diluted by absorbing solvent through a membrane separating it from the pure solvent if the membrane is permeable to the solvent but not to the solute.
Therefore, The net movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane is known as osmosis.
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Which spell would stop the vines of a venomous Tentacula?