The fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution includes the equal protection clause and was used to decide the case brown v. board of education.
Despite emphasising several legal justifications, the most common defence the used in his appeal was that the segregated school systems for blacks and whites were fundamentally unfair and thus infringed upon the "equal protection provision" of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
In the landmark decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws requiring racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, regardless of whether the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. The decision largely reversed the Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision from 1896, which had stated that the racial sega doctrine known as "separate but equal" was false.
Integration became possible after the Brown decision by the Court, was a major victory for the civil rights movement, and it served as a model for many more impact litigation cases in the future. It was determined that the U.S. Constitution was not violated by the regulation legislation as long as the facilities for each race were of equivalent quality.
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What type of political jurisdiction is created from the bottom up?a. cityb. countyc. stated. national
Answer:
Explanation:
a
which scenario would violate a person’s 5th amendment right?
When confessions are coerced from a suspect, their 5th amendment right has been violated.
The fifth amendment right states that “no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself".
The right to stay silent, the right to have legal representation present while being questioned, and the right to have a government-appointed lawyer if the suspect cannot afford one are all examples of what are known as the Miranda rights.
The Fifth Amendment is divided into five rights or safeguards: the right to a jury trial when you are accused of a crime, the safeguard against double jeopardy, the safeguard against self-incrimination, the safeguard for a fair trial, and the safeguard against the government seizing your property without just compensation.
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where is the power of government located in a republic?
The people who elect representatives to establish and execute laws on their behalf have the authority of the government in a republic.
In a republic, the people have the authority of the government, which they indirectly wield through their chosen representatives. In a republic, as opposed to a direct democracy, the people choose representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Members of Congress, the president, and state and municipal politicians are examples of these representatives. The term "ecosystem" refers to a group of people who work in the construction industry. A system of checks and balances, which prevents any one part of government from becoming overly dominant, maintains the balance of power.
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how does mechanical solidarity approaches punishment
The mechanical solidarity tends to approach punishment by the way of treating an offense as a criminal act to all as a fact of common morality to exist in the shared system of values of existence.
The concept of mechanical solidarity states that offensive acts should be treated as criminal acts for the entire society under existence, and not just few sections or individuals of the society, considering it as an offense to common morality. This belief under the concept of mechanical solidarity exists because of the shared system of values that exists in the society that we live in.
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In this type of plea, a defendant pleads guilty or nolo contendere to a lesser included charge.a. Reduced-sentence plea.b. Vertical plea.c. Horizontal plea.d. Avoidance-of-stigma plea.
In the reduced sentence plea, the defendant basically pleads guilty or nolo contendere to get a included charge.
The correct option is option a.
The purpose of reduced sentences is when the offenders plead guilty in order to get them to admit their guilt and crimes as early as possible. When they do this, it particularly saves victims as well as the witnesses from the stress of basically going through a trial, such as having to relive their ordeal as well as being repeatedly cross examined about it.
This is very important when there are young and the vulnerable victims which should not be put through further traumatic experiences. It also helps in improving the efficiency of the criminal justice system.
Hence, the correct option is a.
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What is reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance?
The process of deductive reasoning can be regarded as a way to and from a general case that the society knows to be true to a particular instances.
The process of deductive reasoning can be referred to or taken into consideration as the process in which a specific conclusion is derived by assuming for general pieces of evidences available, and are known to be true by the reasoning provided for them under the general cases. This type of reasoning used by the scientists as a proper scientific method.
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under the doctrine of worthier title, a conveyance by a grantor of "to a for life, then to my heirs" creates what type of interest in the grantor’s heirs?
No interest is being created in the grantor's legal heirs under the doctrine of worthier title, a conveyance by a grantor of “to a for life, then to my heirs”.
A legal heir may be taken into broader understanding as a person who will hold the rights to use, sell, or possess, the properties of an individual after his or her death. It is noteworthy to mention that a legal heir does not necessarily mean that the son or daughter of the deceased person hold the rights, rather the person named under the will of the doctrine hold the rights. Thus, it does not create any interest for the grantor's heirs.
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which progressive reformers tend to be the least successful at influencing legislation and at what level?
Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt were the progressive reformers tend to be the least successful at influencing legislation and at the union level.
Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson both increased the federal government's authority to impose restrictions on the private sector and put in place safeguards for workers, consumers, and the environment.
The approval of numerous important pieces of legislation, including multiple amendments to the US Constitution, was effectively influenced by progressive reformers. The Seventeenth Amendment permitted senators to be elected directly, the Eighteenth Amendment outlawed the sale of alcohol, and the Nineteenth Amendment granted the right to vote to women. The Sixteenth Amendment established a federal income tax.
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How improving communicating skills could help you to accept changes
Answer:
Improving communication skills can help individuals better express their concerns and understand the reasons for changes, leading to better acceptance of the changes. Clear communication can also help reduce misunderstandings and promote dialogue, leading to constructive conversations and problem-solving around the changes. Finally, good communication can help build trust between individuals and organizations, leading to greater openness to change in the future.
Which courts decide more than 95 percent of the nation’s legal cases?
answer choices
State courts
Supreme court
Small claims court
District courts
Muckraking journalism, aimed at investigating and exposing corruption and scandal, is a reason magazines began to overtake newspaper readership.TrueFalse
It is true that the Muckraking journalism, which is for investigating and exposing corruption and scandal, is a reason magazines began to overtake newspaper readership.
What is Muckraking Journalism?A handful of American authors were drawn to reform and exposé literature prior to World War I to start Muckraking Journalism. The power of big business in a rapidly industrialising United States led to social problems, political and economic corruption, and the muckrakers' reporting on these issues was thorough and accurate.
In his speech on April 14, 1906, U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt used the derogatory term "muckraker," using a line from John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Journey about "the Man with the Muckrake...who could see no way but downward." However the term "muckraker" also grew to have positive associations with social concern and brave presentation.
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which amendment to the united states constitution is similar to the english bill of rights?
The Second Amendment's guarantee of the right to bear arms the Sixth Amendment's elimination of Roman Catholics to hold office to the united states constitution is similar to the English bill of rights.
The supreme law of the United States of America is found in its Constitution. In 1789, it replaced the Articles of Confederation, which served as the country's original constitution. It defines the national context and legislative restraints, originally consisting of seven articles.
The federal government is divided into three branches according to the doctrine of the separation of powers, which is embodied in the first three articles of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court and other federal courts; the legislative branch, represented by the bicameral Congress (Article I); and the executive branch, represented by the president and other officials (Article II) (Article III). The concepts of federalism are embodied in Articles IV, V, and VI, which outline the duties and powers of state governments, the relationship between the states and the central government, and
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this 1896 supreme court decision created legal justification for segregation laws. ruled separate but equal was constitutional (True or False)
The supreme court's 1896 ruling established the legitimacy of segregation legislation. Separate but equal was deemed to be constitutional (a). true statement.
Because the "separate but equal" principle, which justified racial segregation, was maintained by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, a decision rendered in 1896.
The highest federal court in the country, the United States Supreme Court, has the final say in disputes involving the interpretation of federal law and the Constitution. The president appoints and the senate confirms the nine justices that make up the court.
Because it respects the Constitution and protects citizens' rights, the Supreme Court is crucial to the American system of governance. Its decisions have a tremendous social impact and have influenced important issues like voting rights, free speech, and civil rights.
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what are the religious clauses in the first amendment? (choose every correct answer.)
The the religious clauses in the first amendment were: the Establishment Clause that restricts the government from setting a national religion and the Free Exercise Clause that restricts the government from prohibiting citizens from propagating any specific religion.
What is an amendment?An amendment is a change or addition made to a legal document, such as a constitution, statute, or contract. An amendments are typically used to modify or update the original text of a legal document to reflect changing circumstances, new information, or different interpretations of the law.
An amendments play an important role in the evolution of legal documents, allowing them to be adapted and improved over time to better serve the needs of society.
The First Amendment puts restrictions on the government on establishing any religion.
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the idea of a criminal justice nonsystem, in which different criminal justice agencies are more self-serving and focus more on performance measures than on justice, is the basis of the ________.
The idea of a criminal justice non-system, in which different criminal justice agencies are more self-serving and focus more on performance measures than on justice, is the basis of the conflict model.
The conflict model of criminal justice, also known as the non-system viewpoint or system conflict perspective, proposes that a criminal justice system's organizations should or do operate competitively rather than cooperatively in order to deliver justice.
According to the system conflict theory, the criminal justice system is in conflict with itself because of concerns about success, money, promotions, and fame. As adversarial processes are considered as being fundamental to the "system," this perspective contends that there is no real system. It also highlights the fact that many criminal justice institutions have a tendency to divulge as little information as possible.
Both groups contend that the conflict perspective is the reality of criminal justice, but the consensus model is the goal, and groups that contend that the argument is both the reality and the ideal subscribe to this school of thought.
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Hector believes that a law under which he was convicted for a crime violates the Constitution. If ultimately the Supreme Court agrees with him, that law will be declared..
a. unconstitutional
b. constitutional
Hector argues that the statute that led to his conviction for a crime violates the Constitution. If the Supreme Court eventually agrees with him, the statute will be ruled unconstitutional. Thus, option A is correct.
A constitution is defined as the collection of fundamental ideas or additional content that operate as the legal foundation of a polity, organization, or other sort of body and typically prescribe that the organization is to be governed.
The Hector claims that the legislation that led to his imprisonment is unconstitutional. This means that it is not in compliance with the political constitution or procedural standards.
Therefore, the legislation will be declared illegal if the Court of Appeals ultimately agrees with him.
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Why would I get mail from the Department of Treasury Internal Revenue Service?
The Department of Treasury Internal Revenue Service contacts us if the balance is due, bigger or smaller refund is yours to get, regarding your tax return, we have a query, or so that we can confirm your identity.
Some more cases include getting further information for an individual, adjustments regarding your refund, or if there are any delays in processing your return.
You must carefully study each letter or notification sent by the Department of Treasury Internal Revenue Service since it provides a wealth of crucial information. Compare the data we gave in the notice or letter with the data in your initial return to see if we made any changes to your tax return.
There are two major reasons you should comply if your notice or letter requests a response by a certain date:
to reduce additional interest and penalty fees.to protect your right to appeal if you disagree.Use the special access code included in your letter or notice to respond as instructed, which may be via mail, FAX, or, if accessible, electronically through the Internal Revenue Service's Documentation Upload Tool.
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A. What is the problem that the city council will be trying to address with
the proposed ordinance?
B. What is the legislative intent of the city council in drafting the ordinance?
C. List all the details you think should be included in the proposed ordinance.
D. Draft four sentences that you think would make a good ordinance to
deal with the problem.
E. Role-play a legislative committee meeting at which the members have
worked on four-sentence versions of the proposed ordinance and are
trying to agree on a final version.
F. After the four-sentence law is drafted, use the guidelines for drafting
laws on page 22 to analyze possible problems with the law as drafted.
Are there problems? If so, what are they, and how can they be solved?
Two public meetings are typically held by a city, town, or county, one in front of the plan commission and the other in front of the city or county legislature.
What is commission?A commission is a payment made by a broker or investment advisor in return for managing a client's purchases and sales of securities or providing investment advice. Commissions and fees differ greatly from one another, at least in the context of expert advisors in the financial services industry. The primary source of income for commission-based advisors and brokers is the sale of financial products like mutual funds and annuities, as well as the management of client funds. A fee-based advisor incurs a set cost when managing a client's funds. A monetary amount or a percentage of the assets being managed could be used here (AUM). The majority of family sales are uncompensated gifts of land.
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signs that temporary and let you know when you should be prepared to stop or detour due to an unplanned event. TEMPORARY SIGNS. fluorescent pink w black lettering. (lane ends, exit closed, be prepared to stop, hazardous material spill, unplanned incident, natural disaster, road user incident.
Temporary regulatory signs warn drivers when they should expect to halt or take a diversion because of an unforeseen circumstance.
TRANSIENT SIGNAGE. neon pink with black writing. (lane closing, exit closed, be ready to halt, spill of hazardous substance, accident without warning, natural catastrophe, road user event)
Most regulatory signs, which are often in the shape of a vertical triangle, are used to regulate traffic and to encourage people to observe the regulations.
These signs are used to control traffic for things like lane usage, parking, turning, and speed, and they are also known as regulatory signs when they are used in certain circumstances.
They often have a triangular form with a red circle or dot within to indicate the signs, the direction they must go in, and the rule they must not follow.
No right turn, no left turn, and no U-turn are a few instances.
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What step occurs after policy formulation in the policymaking process?A) Policy agendaB) Policy enactmentC) Policy evaluationD) Policy implementation
After policy formulation in the policy making process, the next step is typically policy enactment (Option B).
Policy enactment refers to the formal adoption of the policy by the relevant legislative body, executive agency, or other decision-making body. Policy enactment can involve a variety of activities, depending on the specific policy and political context. In some cases, it may involve the passage of a new law or regulation, while in others it may involve the revision or modification of existing policies or programs. Policy enactment is a crucial step in the policy making process, as it determines whether the policy will actually be implemented and enforced. It may involve negotiations and compromises among different stakeholders, as well as public hearings and other forms of public engagement. Once a policy has been enacted, the next step is typically policy implementation, in which the policy is put into practice and its impact is assessed. This may involve the allocation of resources, the development of new programs or initiatives, and the training of personnel to carry out the policy. Ultimately, policy evaluation will assess the effectiveness of the policy in achieving its goals and objectives, and inform future policy making efforts.
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true/false. in a federal system, governmental responsibilities are group of answer choices carried out by private corporations. the sole responsibility of the federal government shared by both state and federal authorities under the complete authority of the state governments.
False. In a federal system, governmental responsibilities are carried out by public institutions, not private corporations. The responsibilities are divided between the federal and state governments, with some shared authority, but the ultimate authority of the federal government is guaranteed by the Constitution.
How do state governments and federal authorities share responsibility in a federal system?In a federal system of government, state governments and federal authorities share responsibility for governance and decision-making. This division of powers is enshrined in the constitution and sets out the roles and responsibilities of each level of government. Generally, state governments are responsible for issues that affect their respective states, such as education, public health, and transportation, while the federal government has responsibility for issues that affect the entire country, such as defense, foreign policy, and trade. However, there is often overlap between the two levels of government, and some responsibilities are shared. For example, both state and federal authorities may be responsible for enforcing environmental regulations or ensuring compliance with labor laws. This sharing of responsibilities can sometimes lead to tensions or conflicts between the different levels of government.
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Anyone can avoid a contractual obligation by claiming that they did not read the contract.a. Trueb. False
False. A legitimate defence against a contractual duty is not always the simple assertion that the contract was not read in full.
A legal and ethical responsibility that results from an agreement between two or more parties is known as a contractual obligation. When parties engage into a contract, they are obligated to abide by its terms and to carry out the promises set forth in the document. This indicates that the other party may be entitled to legal remedies, such as suing for damages or specific performance, if one party fails to uphold their end of the bargain. Many situations, such as employment agreements, service contracts, rental agreements, and sales contracts, might give rise to contractual responsibilities. Before signing a contract, it is crucial to properly read and comprehend the conditions to prevent any misunderstandings or disagreements.
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Who is in charge of choosing the president of the united states?
Primary and caucus elections are the first steps in the electoral process. States choose a potential presidential nominee using these two processes. Typically, voters in primaries cast secret ballots.
Caucuses are small-scale meetings of voters who cast their ballots for a certain candidate at the conclusion of the event. The process then shifts to nominating conventions, where each political party chooses a person to support. Each presidential candidate also reveals their vice presidential running partner during a political party conference.
The candidates then engage in nationwide campaigning to inform voters of their positions and strategies. They could take part in discussions with rival candidates from other parties.
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The main problem that stalled the admission of Texas into the United States was?
The main problem that stalled the admission of Texas into the United States was the issue of slavery.
Texas had won its independence from Mexico in 1836 and had established itself as an independent republic. However, Texans soon began to seek annexation by the United States. At the time, there was a delicate balance between free states and slave states in the United States. The addition of Texas, which permitted slavery, would upset that balance. Many in the Northern states opposed annexation, fearing that it would lead to the expansion of slavery and upset the delicate balance of power between free and slave states. The issue of slavery became even more contentious after the Mexican-American War, which was fought from 1846 to 1848. Texas was eventually admitted to the Union as a slave state in 1845, but the controversy surrounding the issue of slavery continued to simmer and eventually led to the American Civil War.
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A man believed that he and his wife were headed toward a divorce, and was concerned that his wife would fight to keep a valuable painting they had purchased together on their honeymoon. Although the man was staying at a hotel, he decided to break into the house and take the painting when he believed his wife would be out. So as not to draw any neighbors' attention by walking in the front door, the man climbed through an open window in the back. The wife was in fact home, and she was furious when she saw the man there. She pushed him repeatedly, telling him to get out of her house. The man pushed the wife back, and the wife hit her head on the corner of a table. Because she had a blood clotting disorder, the injury caused excessive bleeding in her brain, and she died the next day. The man has been charged with felony murder. The evidence at trial shows that the man knew of his wife's blood clotting disorder. Is the man likely to be convicted of felony murder?
It is possible that the man could be convicted of felony murder. Felony murder is a legal doctrine that holds a person responsible for any deaths that occur during the commission of certain felonies, such as burglary.
In this case, the man committed the felony of burglary when he broke into the house to take the painting. During the commission of this felony, the man caused the death of his wife. The fact that the man knew of his wife's blood clotting disorder may be considered in determining his level of intent or knowledge, but it may not necessarily absolve him of responsibility for her death.
The specific details of the case and the laws of the jurisdiction in which it takes place would ultimately determine the outcome of the trial.
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Place the following affirmative action policy changes in order.A)-The supreme courts subjects affirmative action policies to strict scrutinyB)-President Johnson promotes minority employment among the federal civil service.C)-The federal government makes affirmative action a prominent goal
B) The federal civil service is encouraged to employ more people of colour by President Johnson. D) The federal government places a high priority on affirmative action. A) The Supreme Court closely examines affirmative action policies.
B) President Johnson encourages minority employment in the federal civil service.
C) The federal government prioritises affirmative action.
A) The Supreme Court examines affirmative action policies closely.
President Johnson's 1965 initiative to increase minority employment in the federal civil service is seen as the forerunner of today's affirmative action practises. The foundation for initiatives aimed at addressing past discrimination in employment and education was established by this presidential order. With several initiatives aimed at boosting diversity and providing opportunities for disadvantaged groups, the federal government later made affirmative action a top priority in the 1970s and beyond.
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A property owner hired an arborist to cut down all the trees on her property and to transport the trees to a lumber company. The owner agreed to pay the arborist $10,000 when the work was complete. The arborist said that the work would take him three days.
On the first day, the arborist cut down all the trees. That evening, a fire caused by vandals completely destroyed the trees, making them unfit for use by the lumber company.
What, if anything, must the owner pay the arborist?
In the situation that has been portrayed above, it may be concluded that the property owner must pay the restitutionary interest to the arborist, as a forming part of the services' value rendered by him or her.
The restitution interest can be referred to or taken into consideration as the amount that is the fair value of the services that a professional offers as a part of him or her being hired by someone for any said purpose. The consequences of providing the services must not be a reason to deduct the payment that the professional receives for rendering his or her services.
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The arborist's restitutionary interest, which would be the reasonable value of the services he rendered. The arborist's performance was discharged by impracticability because the non- occurrence of the vandalism and fire was a basic assumption of the contract. Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 261. But the arborist is entitled to restitution for the value of the part of the contract that the arborist performed before that discharge. Restatement
castfab manufacturing company, a cincinnati company, is entering into a contract to sell steel plates to saab automobile based in sweden. which nation's law could end up governing the contract?
The law that could end up governing the contract between Castfab Manufacturing Company, a Cincinnati company, to sell steel plates to Saab Automotive based in Sweden is the law of the United States.
This is because the contract will be negotiated and executed in the United States, and because the steel plates will ultimately be shipped from the United States to Sweden. Under these circumstances, the law of the United States would almost certainly be the controlling law for the contract.
However, there is always a possibility that the parties to the contract could negotiate a choice-of-law clause that would specify the law of another jurisdiction as the controlling contract law.
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what led to the passage of the sherman antitrust act? what practical impact did it have?
The Sherman antitrust act was passed by the congress to prevent merger of companies and restrained competition which can interfere in the free market and disturb free competition. Congress took it as a opportunity to divert people criticism of the government but was not likely given power. It was not enforced and later weakened by the courts of justice.
The Sherman antitrust act was passed in the United States in the year 1890 by the congress, which underlines importance of competitiveness in the market, outlawed trusts, monopolies, and cartels to increase economic competitiveness in the free market. The act prevented mergers of companies to form a monopoly protecting fair and healthy competitive behavior in the market but it was loosely worded and failed to define such critical terms as trust, monopoly, combination etc.
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what theory can explain why some drug dealers experience property victimization?
The theory some drug dealers experience property was victimization, considered as, lifestyle theory.
What is experience?As the word experience is referring as, the experience refers to intended psychological feature in general, and perceptual experience in particular, as well as the practical knowledge and acquaintance produced by these intended processes.
As, the lifestyle theory is considered, as people may become the unfortunate person of law-breaking because of their lifestyles and choices. For example, someone with a speculation or substance dependence could be as an “easy victim” by a con creative person.
Therefore, As a result, the lifestyle theory was the dealers experience property victimization.
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