Which of the following describes how blood helps to maintain homeostasis by working with the immune system?

The concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution rises as a result.

Calculation

To calculate the pH of the solution after the addition of the NaOH solution, we need to use the stoichiometry of the reaction between HCl and NaOH. The reaction's balanced equation is:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

According to the equation, one mole of HCl interacts with one mole of NaOH to generate one mole of water and one mole of NaCl. Therefore, we can use the following equation to calculate the concentration of HCl remaining after the addition of the NaOH solution:

moles of HCl = initial moles of HCl - moles of NaOH added

The initial moles of HCl in the 25.00 mL of 0.175 M solution are:

moles of HCl = 0.175 mol/L x 0.02500 L = 0.004375 mol

The moles of NaOH added to the solution are:

moles of NaOH = 0.250 mol/L x 0.01900 L = 0.00475 mol

Therefore, the moles of HCl remaining after the addition of the NaOH solution are:

moles of HCl = 0.004375 mol - 0.00475 mol = -0.000375 mol

This negative value indicates that all of the HCl has been neutralized by the NaOH solution. The excess NaOH will contribute to the final pH of the solution.

To calculate the concentration of NaOH remaining in the solution, we can use the following equation:

moles of NaOH = initial moles of NaOH - moles of HCl added

The initial moles of NaOH in the 19.00 mL of 0.250 M solution are:

moles of NaOH = 0.250 mol/L x 0.01900 L = 0.00475 mol

The moles of HCl added to the solution are as follows:

moles of HCl added = 0.00475 mol

Therefore, the moles of NaOH remaining in the solution are:

moles of NaOH = 0.00475 mol - 0.00475 mol = 0 mol

The total volume of the solution after the addition of the NaOH solution is:

total volume = 25.00 mL + 19.00 mL = 44.00 mL = 0.04400 L

The concentration of the resulting solution is:

concentration = moles of NaCl / total volume

Since the moles of NaCl formed by the reaction are equal to the moles of HCl initially present, we can use the initial moles of HCl to calculate the concentration of the resulting solution:

concentration = 0.004375 mol / 0.04400 L = 0.0994 M

To calculate the pH of the resulting solution, we can use the formula:

pH = -log[H+]

where [H+] denotes the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. In this case, the hydrogen ions are formed by the dissociation of water:

H2O → H+ + OH-

The concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions since the solution is neutral:

[H+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10^-14 / [OH-]

Substituting the value of [OH-] from the equation for the dissociation of NaOH in water:

NaOH → Na+ + OH-

[OH-] = moles of NaOH remaining / total volume

[OH-] = 0 mol / 0.04400 L = 0 M

The concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution rises as a result.

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A mixture of air and gas is considered hazardous when the mixture exceeds 10% of the lower explosive limit (LEL).

In gas-detection systems, the amount of gas present is specified as a percentage (%) of LEL. Zero percent Lower Explosive Limit (0% LEL) denotes a combustible gas-free atmosphere. One hundred percent lower explosive limit (100% LEL) denotes an atmosphere in which gas is at its lower flammable limit. The relationship between percent LEL and percent by volume differs from gas to gas. The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration of a gas or vapour that will burn in air. The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) varies from gas to gas, but for most flammable gases it is less than 5% by volume. Atmospheres with a concentration of flammable vapors at or above 10 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL) are considered hazardous when located in confined spaces. However, atmospheres with flammable vapors below 10 percent of the LEL are not necessarily safe. Such atmospheres are too lean to burn.

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Coal emits the most carbon dioxide when burned. Coal is a fossil fuel that is commonly used in power plants to generate electricity.

When burned, coal releases carbon dioxide as well as other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These emissions contribute to air pollution and climate change.

In contrast, burning natural gas emits less carbon dioxide than coal. Natural gas is composed mainly of methane, which has a lower carbon content than coal. Oil also emits less carbon dioxide than coal but more than natural gas. Burning wood also releases carbon dioxide but is considered to be carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide released is equal to the amount absorbed by the tree during its lifetime.

However, burning wood can still contribute to air pollution and is not a sustainable long-term energy source. Overall, coal is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel and a major contributor to climate change. The transition to cleaner energy sources such as renewable energy and natural gas can help reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

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The chemical reaction is not balanced and must be balanced before the percent yield can be calculated. The balanced equation is: 25.2%

A chemical reaction is a process in which substances interact with each other to form new substances with different properties. During a chemical reaction, atoms break apart from their original molecules and form new molecules by forming new bonds with other atoms. These new molecules have different properties from the original molecules, and the process of forming them is known as a chemical reaction.

2 NaClO₃(s) → 2 NaCl(s) + 3 O₂(g)
Theoretical yield of oxygen = 75.0 g NaClO₃ x (3 moles O₂/2 moles NaClO₃) x (32 g O₂/1 mole O₂) = 117.0 g O₂
Actual yield of oxygen = 29.45 g O₂
Therefore, percent yield = (Actual yield/Theoretical yield) x 100 = 25.2%

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16.95g is the mass of ethanol (C2H60) that are required to produce 1,000 kJ during boiling? The heat of vaporization of ethanol is 38.6 kJ / mole.

The most fundamental characteristic of matter is mass, which is one of the basic quantities in physics. Mass is a term used to describe how much matter is there in a body. The kilogramme (kg) is the international standard of mass. A nuclear reaction, for instance, results in the total weight of the substance being reduced as a tiny quantity of matter is transformed into a very large amount of energy.

moles of ethanol = 38.6/  1,000=0.368moles

molecular weight of ethanol =46.07g/mol

mass = 0.368×46.07

         = 16.95g

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Carbon is found in its pure form in two ways:

1) Graphite: Graphite is a form of pure carbon that is found naturally in crystalline form. It is a soft, black substance that is commonly used in pencils, lubricants, and batteries.

2) Diamond: Diamond is another form of pure carbon that is found naturally in the Earth's crust. It is the hardest known substance and is prized for its beauty and durability in jewelry and industrial uses.

Both graphite and diamond are pure forms of carbon, but they have different physical properties due to their different molecular structures. Graphite consists of sheets of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, while diamond consists of a three-dimensional network of carbon atoms arranged in a tetrahedral structure.

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The answer is (D) 0.330. The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction A Û B is given by: Kc = [B]/[A]

where [A] and [B] are the equilibrium concentrations of the reactant and product, respectively.

Given the equilibrium concentrations of [tex]N_{2} O_{4}[/tex] and [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] , we can substitute these values into the equilibrium constant expression and solve for Kc:

Kc = [[tex]NO_{2}[/tex] ]/[[tex]N_{2} O_{4}[/tex] ]

= 0.0141 M / 0.0427 M

= 0.330 (rounded to three significant figures)

The equilibrium constant (Kc) is a measure of the extent to which a chemical reaction proceeds towards products or reactants. It is defined as the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium, with each concentration raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation.

For the reaction A Û B, the equilibrium constant expression is:

Kc = [B]/[A]

where [A] and [B] are the equilibrium concentrations of the reactant and product, respectively.

The equilibrium constant provides important information about the position of the equilibrium and the direction in which the reaction will proceed. If Kc is greater than 1, then the equilibrium lies to the right, and the reaction proceeds predominantly towards the formation of products. If Kc is less than 1, then the equilibrium lies to the left, and the reaction proceeds predominantly towards the formation of reactants. If Kc is equal to 1, then the reactants and products are present in equal amounts, and the reaction is at equilibrium.

In the given question, the equilibrium constant for the reaction A Û B can be calculated by using the equilibrium concentrations of [tex]N_{2} O_{4}[/tex] and [tex]NO_{2}[/tex] . The calculated value of Kc is 0.330, which indicates that the equilibrium lies towards the reactant side, meaning that the reactants are favored at equilibrium.

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The name of the epoxide with the given SMILES string (cc1(c)oc1c(c)c) and bond-line structure is 3-isopropyl-2,2-dimethyloxirane.

The name of the epoxide is 3-isopropyl-2,2-dimethyloxirane. This name is derived from the bond-line structure of the molecule, which is represented by the SMILES string "cc1(c)oc1c(c)c". The two carbon atoms at the center of the molecule, denoted by the circled “c”, are bonded to an oxygen atom (“o”) and each other, forming an epoxide ring. The two carbons are both attached to two different methyl groups (“c”) and one isopropyl group (“c(c)c”), indicating that the epoxide is 3-isopropyl-2,2-dimethyloxirane.

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The answer is a. Aluminum sulfate.

Aluminum sulfate, also known as alum, is a common coagulant used in water treatment. It is added to untreated water to cause impurities and particles to clump together and settle at the bottom of a tank or basin. This process is called coagulation and is an important step in the treatment of drinking water and wastewater.

The  coagulated particles can then be removed through sedimentation or filtration. Alum is preferred over other coagulants because it is effective in removing a wide range of impurities, including suspended solids, organic matter, and phosphates.

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A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with both positive and negative charges. Amino acids in their zwitterionic form have protonated amino groups and deprotonated carboxyl groups, allowing them to maintain a balanced, neutral charge under physiological pH conditions.

A zwitterion is a molecule that possesses both positive and negative charges, yet maintains an overall neutral charge. In the context of amino acids, a zwitterionic form occurs when the amino group [tex](NH_2)[/tex] and the carboxyl group [tex](COOH)[/tex] within the amino acid structure ionize.

An amino acid in its zwitterionic form has a protonated amino group [tex](NH_3^+)[/tex] and a deprotonated carboxyl group [tex](COO^-)[/tex]. The positively charged amino group and the negatively charged carboxyl group balance each other, resulting in a net charge of zero for the entire molecule.

This zwitterionic state is commonly found in amino acids under physiological pH conditions (around 7.4) because it provides stability for the amino acid molecules. At different pH levels, the ionization state of the amino and carboxyl groups may change, causing the molecule to lose its zwitterionic properties.

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When a chiral starting material undergoes an Sn1 reaction, it yields a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers because of the formation of a planar carbocation intermediate.

1. The chiral starting material undergoes ionization, forming a planar carbocation intermediate. The chirality is lost during this process, as the intermediate is achiral.

2. Nucleophilic attack can occur from either face of the planar carbocation intermediate, leading to the formation of two enantiomers.

3. Since both faces of the carbocation intermediate are equally accessible to the nucleophile, the probability of attack from each side is the same. This results in a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers.

In summary, a chiral starting material yields a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers when it undergoes an Sn1 reaction due to the formation of a planar carbocation intermediate, which allows for nucleophilic attack from either face, ultimately leading to the equal probability of forming both enantiomers.

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If sufficient amounts of activated carbon in the powdered form are used, practically all tastes and odors can be removed from water by adsorption.

Activated carbon is a highly porous form of carbon that is treated with oxygen to open up millions of tiny pores between the carbon atoms. These pores increase the surface area of the carbon and make it an excellent adsorbent material.

When activated carbon is added to water, it adsorbs a wide range of organic and inorganic contaminants, including tastes and odors, onto its surface.

Adsorption is a process by which a substance in a fluid is attracted to and adheres to the surface of a solid. In the case of activated carbon, contaminants in the water are attracted to and adhere to the surface of the carbon pores.

The carbon pores are so small that they can trap molecules of various sizes, including those responsible for tastes and odors in water.

Activated carbon can be used in a variety of water treatment applications, including municipal water treatment, industrial water treatment, and home water filters.

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In the synthesis of butyl acetate, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) can serve as a useful analytical technique to monitor the progress of the reaction and to check the purity of the final product.

If you used TLC in the middle of the reaction, it would help you determine the extent of the reaction and confirm if the reactants are being converted to butyl acetate. This information is valuable to optimize reaction conditions and to decide when the reaction is complete.

If you used TLC at the end of the reaction, it would help you assess the purity of the synthesized butyl acetate. By comparing the spots of the final product to those of the reactants and the expected product, you can confirm if the reaction was successful and if any additional purification steps are necessary.

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Answer is down below!

Explanation:

You are conducting a calorimetry experiment using a calorimeter with 500 mL of water in its outer chamber to determine the enthalpy of reaction of a chemical reaction. The initial temperature of the water was 25 °C. After the reaction, the temperature of the water was 57.4 °C. Disregarding any heat loss to the walls of the container, calculate the Hf). (The specific heat of the water is 4.18 J/ (g*K)

There are 12.00 grams of Al(NO₃)₃ in 0.089 L of a 0.63 M solution of Al(NO₃)₃.

The number of moles is a unit used to measure the amount of a substance, defined as the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. One mole of a substance contains Avogadro's number of entities, which is approximately 6.022 × 10^23 particles.

The number of moles can be calculated by dividing the mass of a substance by its molar mass or by dividing the amount of substance (in units of molecules, atoms or ions) by Avogadro's number.

To calculate the amount of Al(NO₃)₃ in grams present in 0.089 L of a 0.63 M solution of Al(NO₃)₃, we can use the formula:

mass = molarity × volume × molar mass

where:

molarity is the concentration of the solution in moles per liter (M)

volume is the volume of the solution in liters (L)

molar mass is the mass of one mole of the compound in grams per mole (g/mol)

First, let's calculate the number of moles of Al(NO₃)₃ present in 0.089 L of the solution:

moles = molarity × volume = 0.63 M × 0.089 L = 0.05607 mol

The molar mass of Al(NO₃)₃ is:

Al(NO₃)₃ = Al + 3(NO₃) = 1(26.98 g/mol) + 3(63.01 g/mol) = 213.97 g/mol

Now we can use the formula to calculate the mass of Al(NO₃)₃:

mass = moles × molar mass = 0.05607 mol × 213.97 g/mol = 12.00 g

Therefore, there are 12.00 grams of Al(NO₃)₃ in 0.089 L of a 0.63 M solution of Al(NO₃)₃.

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Based on the lab values provided, the answer would be D. The patient has been immunized against hepatitis B as indicated by the presence of HBsAB.

The absence of HBsAg and HBcAb suggest that the patient has not had a recent or current infection with hepatitis B. It is important to note that these lab values should be interpreted by a health care provider in the context of the patient's medical history and any additional lab or clinical findings.

HBcAb (-) means the patient does not have antibodies for the hepatitis B core antigen, suggesting no past infection. These results suggest that the patient has been immunized against hepatitis B.

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Interpreting these lab values for a 40-year-old patient with the given terms:

HBsAg (-), HBsAB(+), HBcAb(-)

a. the pt had hepatitis
b. the pt has hepatitis
c. the pt should consider immunization
d. the pt has been immunized

Your answer: d. the pt has been immunized.

HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen) is negative, which indicates the patient does not have an active Hepatitis B infection.
HBsAB (Hepatitis B surface antibody) is positive, which suggests that the patient has developed immunity to Hepatitis B, either from previous exposure or immunization.
HBcAb (Hepatitis B core antibody) is negative, which means the patient has never been exposed to Hepatitis B.

Therefore, the interpretation of these lab values suggests that the patient has been immunized against Hepatitis B.

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The prescription for Mr. Turner's alprazolam 1mg with a sig of 1 q8h is missing important information such as the duration of the treatment and the total number of pills to be dispensed.

Without this information, the patient may not know how long to take the medication and may run out before the treatment is complete. Additionally, the frequency of 1 q8h (once every 8 hours) may be too frequent for alprazolam and could result in an overdose or other adverse effects. It is important for the prescriber to provide clear and accurate instructions to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.

Mr. Turner's prescription for alprazolam 1mg has a sig of 1 q8h, which means he should take 1 tablet every 8 hours. There is nothing inherently wrong with this prescription, as long as it has been prescribed by a healthcare professional and is appropriate for Mr. Turner's medical condition.

Alprazolam is typically used to treat anxiety and panic disorders, and the dosage depends on the patient's individual needs and response to the medication.

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Mr. Turner's prescription for alprazolam 1mg with a sig of 1 q8h has the following issue:

The term "sig" refers to the directions for use, which in this case is "1 q8h." This means Mr. Turner should take 1 tablet every 8 hours. However, alprazolam is a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety and panic disorders, and its dosing frequency is typically not as high as every 8 hours. The standard dosing frequency for alprazolam is usually 2-3 times a day.

The wrong aspect of this prescription is the dosing frequency (1 q8h) which may lead to potential overuse or increased side effects. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosing and frequency for Mr. Turner's needs.

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The final product of the reaction is t-pentyl chloride.

The reaction of t-pentyl alcohol with concentrated hydrochloric acid proceeds via an S_N1 mechanism, which can be described as follows:

Step 1: Protonation of the alcohol

The concentrated hydrochloric acid protonates the hydroxyl group of t-pentyl alcohol to form a oxonium ion intermediate, which is a better leaving group than the hydroxyl group.

t-pentyl alcohol + HCl → t-pentyl oxonium ion + Cl^-

Step 2: Formation of the carbocation

The oxonium ion intermediate loses a water molecule to form a t-pentyl carbocation intermediate, which is stabilized by the electron-donating effect of the three methyl groups.

t-pentyl oxonium ion → t-pentyl carbocation + H₂O

Step 3: Deprotonation of the chloride ion

A chloride ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbocation, forming a new bond and releasing H<sup>+<sup> ion.

t-pentyl carbocation + Cl^- → t-pentyl chloride + HCl

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Acetals and ketals can be obtained through a reaction between aldehydes or ketones, respectively, with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. The acid catalyst helps to protonate the carbonyl group of the aldehyde or ketone, making it more reactive towards nucleophilic attack by the alcohol.

This reaction results in the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal intermediate, which can then undergo a second reaction with another molecule of alcohol to form the acetal or ketal, respectively. The acid catalyst is then used to remove the water molecule that is produced during this second reaction, driving the equilibrium towards the formation of the acetal or ketal product.To obtain an acetal or ketal, you need to perform an acetal formation reaction, which involves the nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone) in the presence of an acid catalyst. In the case of acetals, the carbonyl compound is an aldehyde, and for ketals, it is a ketone. This reaction proceeds through a hemiacetal intermediate and ultimately results in an acetal or ketal product.

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Option(A) and option(B) are the options that are correctly describe the electronic configuration 1s²2s²2p⁴, that is oxygen and N⁻ atoms.

In a modern periodic table which is organized by increasing atomic number. The atomic number is refer as the number of electrons present in the ground state of atom. Thus, the electronic configuration can be used to identify the atoms or ions. The electronic configuration is used to describe the distribution of electrons in different energy level around the nucleus. We have an electronic configuration is written as 1s²2s²2p⁴.

Hence, required answer are option(A) and (B).

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Complete question:

Select all the options that correctly describe the electron configuration 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4

A) Oxygen

B) [tex]N^{ -}[/tex]

C) [tex]O^{2 -}[/tex]

The major source of air pollution in the United States is: c. Automotive vehicles. In the United States and around the world, there are several sources of air pollution. Some come from natural sources, while others are a result of human activity.

Automotive vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution due to their emissions of pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. While electric power plants, steel mills, and home heating systems also contribute to air pollution, automotive vehicles are considered the largest contributor in the United States. The most widely utilised kind of fuel cell in automotive applications is the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. A PEM fuel cell's positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) are separated by an electrolyte membrane.

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The mechanism by which Fluoroacetate functions as a poison involves the compound being first converted to 2-fluorocitrate, which subsequently inhibits aconitase.

This inhibition disrupts the citric acid cycle, which is necessary for cellular respiration and energy production. Fluoroacetate does not form a covalent complex with aconitase, but rather binds tightly to it. This binding ultimately leads to the inhibition of aconitase and disruption of the citric acid cycle, making it a potent and deadly poison. Fluoroacetate binds very tightly to but does not form a covalent complex with aconitase, preventing it from functioning. This process leads to the accumulation of citrate, which is then converted to 2-fluorocitrate by hydrolysis. 2-fluorocitrate then inhibits aconitase, leading to a decrease in the amount of ATP production. Ultimately, this leads to cellular death due to a decrease in ATP production.

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The only molecules that would be radioactively labeled in these cells are: Protein molecules.

Large biomolecules and macromolecules known as proteins are made up of one or more extended chains of amino acid residues. Among the many tasks that proteins carry out in living things include catalysing metabolic processes, replicating DNA, reacting to stimuli, giving cells and organisms shape, and moving chemicals from one place to another. The primary way that proteins differ from one another is in the order of their amino acids, which is determined by the nucleotide sequence of their genes and often causes a protein to fold into a certain 3D shape that controls its function.

A polypeptide is an ordered sequence of amino acid residues. At least one lengthy polypeptide is present in every protein. Less than 20–30 residue polypeptides are frequently referred to as peptides and are seldom thought of as proteins. Peptide bonds and nearby amino acid residues hold the individual amino acid residues together. The sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code, determines the arrangement of amino acid residues in a protein. The genetic code typically only defines the 20 conventional amino acids, but in certain species it may also include selenocysteine and—in some archaea—pyrrolysine.

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In reinforced concrete, the steel (B) provides tensile strength, while the concrete itself offers compressive strength. The combination of these materials results in a more durable and rigid structure, with increased ductility and durability.

The steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete is added to provide tensile strength to the concrete. This is because concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The steel helps to distribute the tensile forces and increase the overall strength and durability of the concrete.At the atomic level, when atoms or molecules are pulled apart from each other and gain potential energy with a restoring force still existing, the restoring force might create what is also called tension. Each end of a string or rod under such tension could pull on the object it is attached to, in order to restore the string/rod to its relaxed length.

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Answer:

If I initially have a gas at a pressure of 10.0 atm, a volume of 24.0 liters, and a temperature of 200. K, and then I raise the pressure to 14.0 atm and increase the temperature to 300. K, what is the new volume of the gas?

✓ The two actions work against each other. Explanation: Raising the temperature will increase the volume: $$V_T=(300K)/(200K)xx24.0L=36.0L$$ Increase

Explanation:

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B. insufficient bonding strength.

Hydrated lime is often added to mortar mixes to improve bonding strength between the bricks or stones being used. Without hydrated lime, the mortar may not bond well to the building materials, resulting in a weaker overall structure. While the absence of hydrated lime may slightly increase the strength and workability of the mortar, it is not worth sacrificing bonding strength.

The mortar may also have little resistance to moisture penetration without the addition of hydrated lime. Insufficient water retention may also be a possibility, but it is not as significant a concern as inadequate bonding strength.

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The pH of the solution is 11.

The concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution can be calculated using the formula:

[OH-] = Kw / [H+]

where Kw is the ion product constant of water, which is 1.0 x 10^-14 at 25°C.

At equilibrium, the concentration of hydroxide ions multiplied by the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution is equal to Kw:

[OH-] x [H+] = Kw

Substituting the given concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) of 0.001 M into the above formula, we get:

Kw / [H+] = 0.001

[H+] = Kw / 0.001

[H+] = 1.0 x 10^-14 / 0.001

[H+] = 1.0 x 10^-11 M

Using the formula pH = -log[H+], we can calculate the pH of the solution:

pH = -log(1.0 x 10^-11)

pH = 11

Therefore, the answer is (C) 11.

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2.05L  is the balloon's volume after 0.850 g of He has leaked out through a small hole

What does the ideal gas law mean?

The rule that states that the sum of a gram's worth of an ideal gas's pressure, volume, and universal gas constant is equal to the sum of the gas's absolute temperature and universal gas constant.

There are four guiding presumptions for a gas to be "ideal": The gas particles' volume is minuscule. There are no intermolecular forces (attraction or repulsion) between the equal-sized gas particles and other gas particles. According to Newton's Laws of Motion, the gas particles travel at random.

V∝n

V₁/n₁m= V₂/n₂

V1 =  13.2L

V2 = ?

n1 = 4/1.92 =  2.08moles

n2 = 4/12.35 =  0.323

V2 =  V1n2/n1

     = 13.2*0.323/2.08

     = 2.05L  

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