which of the following statements about evolution is true? group of answer choices species are the result of accumulations of changes within a lineage. organisms are constantly striving to be better. evolution is about progress and improving on life forms from the past. it is attributed to herbert spencer. humans are better, more evolved chimpanzees.

Answers

Answer 1

The following statement about evolution is true: species are the result of accumulations of changes within a lineage.

What is biological evolution?

Biological evolution is the process by which species of organisms change over time, through the gradual accumulation of genetic variations and the natural selection of those variations that are advantageous for survival and reproduction. It is driven by factors such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection, and occurs over long periods of time, sometimes millions of years. Biological evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth, as well as the relationships between different species and their shared ancestry. It is a fundamental concept in biology and is supported by a large body of scientific evidence from fields such as genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy.

Here,

Evolution is a process that occurs over long periods of time, driven by genetic variation, natural selection, and other factors. Species gradually change over time as advantageous traits become more common and less advantageous traits are selected against. Evolution is not about progress or improvement, but rather about adaptation to changing environments and survival in the face of competition and other challenges. It is a scientific concept that has been studied and refined over many years, and is not attributed solely to any one individual such as Herbert Spencer. Finally, humans and chimpanzees are both evolved species, but neither is considered "better" or more evolved than the other.

To know more about biological evolution,

https://brainly.com/question/29351017

#SPJ1


Related Questions

You are looking at a cell under a microscope and trying to determine whether it is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. You know it is a eukaryote if you see:
a. DNA
b. a plasma membrane
c. a nucleus
d. a cell wall

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

prokaryotes don't have a nucleus

A centrifuged sample of blood shows the following volume fractions: 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percent of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets? a) 46% b) 53% c) 1% d) 47%

Answers

The centrifuged sample of blood described contains B.53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes.

The buffy coat is composed of leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets. To calculate the percentage of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets, we need to subtract the percentage of plasma and erythrocytes from 100%:

100% - 53% - 46% = 1%

Therefore, the percentage of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets is 1%. This is the same as the percentage of the buffy coat, since the buffy coat is composed entirely of leukocytes and platelets.

It is worth noting that the volume fractions of blood components can vary depending on various factors, such as age, gender, and health status, among others. In general, however, leukocytes and platelets make up a relatively small fraction of total blood volume, while plasma and erythrocytes are the main components.

Learn more about erythrocytes  here:

https://brainly.com/question/16794540

#SPJ4

True or False: Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.

Answers

The statement is True. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that are found in eukaryotic cells and are responsible for generating energy.

They are thought to have originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells and established a symbiotic relationship with their host cells.

One of the key features of both mitochondria and chloroplasts is that they have their own DNA, which is separate from the nuclear DNA of the host cell. This DNA encodes for some of the proteins and RNA molecules that are necessary for the organelles to carry out their functions, such as oxidative phosphorylation in the case of mitochondria and photosynthesis in the case of chloroplasts.

However, it's important to note that the amount of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is much smaller than the amount of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Most of the genes that are necessary for the function of these organelles are actually located in the nuclear genome and are synthesized in the cytosol before being imported into the organelles.

Learn more about mitochondria here:

https://brainly.com/question/28082004

#SPJ4

if mules were no longer sterile but could produce offspring, then there are no other reproductive barriers to overcome.true/false

Answers

Answer:

false

Explanation:

another barrier is the difference in chromosme number. a horse has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey has 62. a mule inherits 32 horse chromosomes from mom and 31 donkey chromosomes from dad, for a total of 63 chromosomes

Which of the following would you expect to increase the rate of water transport in a plant?
a. the removal of leaves and a seal of the excision sites
b. an increase in humidity
c. a rise in temperature
d. blockage of the stomata

Answers

The rate of water transport in a plant is primarily driven by transpiration, which is the process of water loss from the leaves to the atmosphere through small pores called stomata .And answer for the question is option B.

When humidity increases, the air surrounding the plant becomes more saturated with water vapor, which reduces the gradient for water loss from the leaves. As a result, less water is lost through transpiration, which can lead to an increase in the rate of water transport in the plant.

Option A, the removal of leaves and a seal of the excision sites, and option D, blockage of the stomata, would both decrease the rate of water transport by reducing the surface area available for transpiration .Option C, a rise in temperature, can increase the rate of transpiration and water loss, but it may not necessarily increase the rate of water transport, as the plant may not be able to take up water fast enough to compensate for the increased loss.

learn more about water here:

https://brainly.com/question/28465561

#SPJ4

hip flexor deep in pelvis a composite of two muscles is called

Answers

A hip flexor deep in pelvis, a composite of two muscles is called iliopsoas

The hip flexor deep in the pelvis which is a composite of two muscles is called the iliopsoas.

The iliopsoas is formed by the fusion of two muscles: the psoas major and the iliacus. The psoas major originates from the lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, while the iliacus originates from the iliac fossa, which is part of the hip bone. The two muscles merge and insert onto the femur (thigh bone) at the lesser trochanter.

Together, the iliopsoas muscles play a crucial role in flexing the hip joint, allowing for movements such as lifting the leg, bringing the thigh towards the abdomen, and initiating movements like walking and running.

Therefore, the correct answer is iliopsoas.

For more details regarding iliopsoas, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/30901787

#SPJ6


Population Density Problems
Figure out the population density for each problem. Make sure you use the right
units in your answer.
1.
Two years ago there were 48 students in Mrs. Bolvin's and Mr. Martin's
classrooms. What is the population density of one classroom? Give your
answer in students/classroom?

Answers

Answer:

The population density of one classroom two years ago is 48 students per classroom.

What molecules are constituents of animal cell membranes?
A. phospholipids and proteins

B. phospholipids and carbohydrates

C. phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

D. phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol.

Answers

The molecules that are constituents of animal cell membranes are: A. phospholipids and proteins

In general , Animal cell membranes made up of phospholipid bilayer, having two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged in a tail-to-tail manner. These phospholipids are hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) in nature.

Proteins present in the cell membranes, works for transportation, and enzymatic activity. Carbohydrates are not  important constituents in the membrane structure. Cholesterol is not considered a main constituent of cell membrane .

Hence, A is the correct option

To learn more about phospholipids , here

https://brainly.com/question/14949280

#SPJ4

In addition to the base, what are the other components of a nucleotide?A) phosphateB) sugarC) a and b

Answers

The nucleotide also includes a Pentose, one or more phosphate groups and of course the base.

where is dense irregular connective tissue found in the body?

Answers

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin, the periosteum of bones, and the fibrous capsules of organs..

what is the name of the blood cell responsible for blood clotting?

Answers

Blood clotting is caused by blood platelets. The platelets alter their appearance and get stickier.

As a result, they can adhere to the vascular wall and group together to form a plug. A blood clot develops. In order to prevent unnatural blood clots, clotting enzymes in the blood are often turned off. Whenever a blood vessel gets injured, coagulation, or blood clotting, plays a crucial role in limiting the amount of bleeding that occurs. Your plasma, which is the liquid component of your blood, contains proteins and platelets, which work together just to stop bleeding by building a clot so over wound. The body sends the signal to platelets that direct them to the affected location when a blood artery is damaged.

(Which blood cells are involved in blood clotting process?

A. Platelets

B. WBC

C. RBC

D. Plasma)

Learn more about blood

https://brainly.com/question/17890844

#SPJ4

What do you do when the sample can be seen in the activation window?
A. Press the button on the test kit until it clicks.
B. Read the results.
C. Rotate the test clockwise.
D. Thoroughly mix the conjugate.

Answers

Option a is the correct. To see the changes, enlarge and rotate the molecule. The axes in certain tests might need to be adjusted.

In your response, make sure to mention the document's title, brand, version, and page number. Below are the phone numbers and addresses. You can probably utilise the software if you are familiar with Windows apps because the user interface follows the traditional Microsoft design. The ChemWell® Operator's Manual found on the CD that was provided with your order should be used in conjunction with these USB Installation Instructions. The lab is set up with facilities for DNA extraction and PCR setup to reduce the chance of carry-over contamination.

To know more about molecule, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/19922822

#SPJ4

area of grasses growing in shallow water; see salt marsh community is?

Answers

The Wetlands are the area of grasses growing in shallow water in a salt marsh ecosystem.

What drives avian migration to the UK?

Why do birds travel to Britain in the winter and fall. The UK attracts winter visitors from the north and east who subsequently migrate back to those regions to breed because of the country's moderate climate and an abundance of food.

What is seasonal migration, exactly?

The movement of individuals from one location to another on a seasonal basis is known as seasonal human migration. Changes in the demand for work caused by the seasons are the main cause of it. It involves movements like herds of sheep or cattle traveling to higher altitudes in the summer to avoid the heat and find more feed.

To know more about ecosystem visit:-

https://brainly.com/question/13979184

#SPJ1

Preventive health programs are especially important in situations where animals are housed ____________.

Answers

Preventive health programs are especially important in situations where animals are housed in groups.

Preventive healthcare programs basically involves a multi-faceted approach which includes different types of veterinary evaluation of the animals' overall health as well as assessment of the risks of developing a disease. Such preventive measures become especially important when the animals are housed in the groups.

There are different types of preventive healthcare measures which include the preventive medication, giving vaccine for all the animals, isolation of the sick animals, parasite control, controlling the contamination of the environment of the animals, reducing as well as controlling of the infection etc.

To know more about vaccine

https://brainly.com/question/28487834

#SPJ4

With the help of RNA, which organic molecule does DNA encode?
A.lipids
B.nucleic acids
C.proteins

Answers

I think that lipids help with dirian

At what end of a capillary bed is capillary filtration pressure highest?

Answers

At arteriolar end of a capillary bed is capillary filtration pressure highest

Capillary filtration: how does it work?

Water permeates the inside of the capillary tubes, moves through the capillaries' pores, and emerges as permeate from the top of the carapace. Water leaves the other size of the capillary tube as concentrate as it moves down the capillary length.

Because Pc is highest at the arteriolar end of a capillary, filtration is highest at this location in all vascular pathways of the body. The rate of fluid filtering decreases as the blood travels the entire length of the capillary.

To learn more about filtration use link:

https://brainly.com/question/13962298

#SPJ1

this experiments tests a hypiothesis abnout how chromosomes migrate during cell division

Answers

The experiment that tests a hypothesis about how chromosomes migrate during cell division is called a mitotic spindle experiment.

During cell division, chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells by the action of the mitotic spindle, a structure made up of microtubules and associated proteins. The mitotic spindle attaches to the chromosomes and pulls them apart into two daughter cells during the process of mitosis.

To test a hypothesis about how chromosomes migrate during cell division, scientists can conduct experiments that manipulate the mitotic spindle and observe the resulting effects on chromosome segregation. For example, they can use drugs that disrupt microtubule formation to see if this affects chromosome movement and segregation during cell division. They can also genetically manipulate proteins involved in spindle formation to see if this alters chromosome movement and segregation.

Overall, the goal of such experiments is to gain a better understanding of the fundamental biological processes that underlie cell division and to provide insights into how defects in these processes can contribute to diseases like cancer.

learn more about hypothesis here:

https://brainly.com/question/29519577

#SPJ4

How do termites aid in the nitrogen cycle?

Answers

Answer:

Termite gut microbes provide the enzymes needed to degrade plant polymers, synthesize amino acids, recycle nitrogenous waste, and fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) (Benemann, 1973; Breznak et al., 1973; Potrikus and Breznak, 1981; Bentley, 1984; Bignell, 2000; Brune and Ohkuma, 2010).

Explanation:

Hopefully this is the answer you are looking for.

in the central dogma, information flows from dna to rna to ______.

Answers

In the central dogma of molecular biology, information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

What is central dogma?

The central dogma of molecular biology is a fundamental concept that describes the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA serves as the genetic material that contains the instructions for making proteins, which are the building blocks of life.

Transcription, the process by which DNA is copied into RNA, occurs in the nucleus of a cell. The RNA then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm where translation occurs. During translation, the RNA is read by ribosomes to produce proteins.

The central dogma provides a framework for understanding the molecular basis of life and the mechanisms that underlie genetic inheritance and expression.

To learn more about central dogma, visit: https://brainly.com/question/29320281

#SPJ1

what is gene vs allele?

Answers

Genes and alleles are related concepts in genetics. Genes are segments of DNA that carry the instructions for making specific proteins, which are the building blocks of life.

Alleles, on the other hand, are alternative versions of a gene that exist at the same location on a chromosome. For example, the gene for eye color has different alleles that code for blue, brown, green, or gray eyes. An individual inherits one allele from each parent, and the combination of alleles determines their specific traits.

Alleles can be either dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles, while recessive alleles only show their effects when paired with another recessive allele.

In summary, a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein, while an allele is a specific version of a gene that determines a particular trait. The combination of alleles an individual inherits determines their specific genetic makeup and resulting traits.

To learn more about alleles

https://brainly.com/question/14206531

#SPJ4

bases holding two single strands of dna together into a double strand of dna interact through hydrogen bonds. (true or false)

Answers

The statement is True. The nitrogenous bases of DNA (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) interact through hydrogen bonding to hold the two complementary strands of DNA together into a double helix.

Specifically, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) through two hydrogen bonds, and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) through three hydrogen bonds. These base pairing rules, known as Watson-Crick base pairing, ensure that DNA is accurately replicated and inherited during cell division.

The Watson-Crick base pairing is a crucial aspect of strands of DNA and function. The base pairing rules ensure that the genetic information stored in DNA is accurately transmitted from one generation to the next. During DNA replication, the two complementary strands of DNA separate, and each strand serves as a template for synthesizing a new strand. The base

To learn more about DNA strands, visit here

https://brainly.com/question/5180000

#SPJ4

which arteries supply blood to the face, head and neck?

Answers

The main blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain and face are the carotid arteries.

Blood supply Whereas the left common carotid artery (LCCA) rises in the thorax from the arch of the aorta, the right common carotid artery (RCCA) derives from the brachiocephalic artery in the neck.Your brain receives its blood supply through the carotid arteries, which are significant blood channels. On either side of your neck, you have one carotid artery. Up to one-third of all strokes are brought on by carotid artery disease. A stroke happens when something prevents blood flow to your brain, injuring the brain.There are four carotid arteries, two of which are found on either side of the neck. This covers the right and left internal and external carotid arteries.

Fir more information on carotid artery kindly visit to

https://brainly.com/question/30037173

#SPJ1

how the body and brain enable emotions memories and sensory experiences

Answers

The body and brain work together to enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. Overall, the body and brain work in a highly integrated manner to enable our experiences of emotions, memories, and sensory information.

Emotions: Emotions are complex physiological and psychological responses to stimuli. They involve the activation of different areas of the brain, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, as well as the release of various chemicals, such as hormones and neurotransmitters. The body also responds physically to emotions, with changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. For example, when you feel scared, your heart rate may increase, and you may start breathing faster.

Memories: Memories are formed and stored in the brain. When you experience something, it creates a pattern of neural activity in the brain. Over time, repeated experiences can strengthen these neural connections, making the memory more robust. The hippocampus is a key brain region involved in the formation and retrieval of memories. Memories can also be influenced by emotions and the context in which they were formed. Sensory experiences: Sensory experiences involve the processing of information from the environment through our senses, such as vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. This information is transmitted to the brain, which then processes and interprets it. Different areas of the brain are involved in processing different senses. For example, the visual cortex processes visual information, while the auditory cortex processes auditory information.

Learn more about emotions here:

https://brainly.com/question/29912301

#SPJ4

another class of antiviral drugs are called protease inhibitor. Explain how this type of drug would work.​

Answers

The body's protease enzyme is crucial for HIV replication.Drugs called protease inhibitors stop the activity of protease enzymes.

How does a protease inhibitor function and what is it?

Protease inhibitors are drugs that prevent the polyprotein from being broken down into functional proteins.Blocking or suppressing protease stops this crucial stage of viral replication because protease, a protein-based enzyme, usually splits the polyprotein to functional proteins.

What varieties of protease inhibitors are there?

According to the method used at the active site of the proteases they block, protease inhibitors are further divided into five groups: metalloprotease inhibitors, serine, threonine, cysteine, and aspartyl inhibitors.Several protease types can be affected by some protease inhibitors.

To know more about HIV replication visit:

https://brainly.com/question/20890118

#SPJ1

what does oxygen decay into

Answers

Oxygen is a stable element, which means it does not decay into other elements on its own under normal conditions.

Oxygen is a non-radioactive element with a half-life of over 10^23 years, meaning it takes an incredibly long time for even a small fraction of its atoms to decay. However, oxygen can participate in chemical reactions with other elements and compounds. For example, when oxygen reacts with certain metals, it can form metal oxides. When oxygen reacts with hydrogen, it can form water. When oxygen reacts with ozone, it can break down into two molecules of oxygen. So while oxygen itself does not decay into other elements, it can react with other substances to form new compounds.

To learn more about oxygen here:

https://brainly.com/question/30074492

#SPJ4

What two major factors are involved in the conversion of primary pollutants into secondary pollutants?

Answers

Option 1) Sunlight and water  are  two major factors are involved in the conversion of primary pollutants into secondary pollutants.

Primary air pollutants are those that are created and released from specific sources. Particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide are a few examples.

Airborne primary contaminants are introduced directly. They consist of heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulates, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and carbon oxides. Primary pollutants result in secondary pollutants. These include chemical evaporation, ground-level ozone, and photochemical smog.

Learn more about  primary pollutants

https://brainly.com/question/23615409

#SPJ4

Full Question: What two major factors are involved in the conversion of primary pollutants into secondary pollutants?

Sunlight and water

Sulfates and sunlight

Water and volatile organics

Nitrogen oxides and sulfates

Which of the following statements is not true about RNA?
A. It has always double stranded a-helix structure.
B. It usually does not replicate.
C. It is present in the nucleus of the cell.
D. It controls the synthesis of protein.

Answers

Option A is Correct. The claim that RNA has always had a double-stranded a-helix structure is false. The double-stranded -helix structure does not exist in RNA.

RNA has single-stranded helices, however on occasion, these helices fold back on themselves to form double helices. RNA is capable of replication. It can be found in the cell's nucleus.

The genetic makeup of many species, including viruses, is RNA, also known as ribonucleic acid. It consists of three-element nucleotides, namely sugar molecules, base-type components, and phosphate. Ribose sugar is a sugar that is used in RNA. Despite being a single-stranded molecule, double-stranded structures that are crucial to RNA's function have since been found to be formed by it.

Learn more about RNA Visit: brainly.com/question/28073947

#SPJ4

Why are ectomycorrhizal fungi, or EMF, aptly named? a. Their hyphae form tree-like branching structures inside plant cell walls. b. They are mutualistic. c. Their hyphae form dense mats that envelop roots but do not penetrate the cell walls. d. They transfer nitrogen from outside their plant hosts to the interior.

Answers

Their hyphae form dense mats that envelop roots but do not penetrate the cell walls are known as Ectomycorrhizal fungi or EMF aptly.

What are Ectomycorrhizal fungi?

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) form mutualistic associations with the roots of many tree species. Unlike arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which penetrate the plant root cells, EMF form a dense sheath around the root tips and grow between the cells of the root cortex, forming a mantle or "enveloping" the roots. This mantle is composed of a network of hyphae that do not penetrate the root cell walls, hence the name "ecto-" (meaning outside) mycorrhizal fungi. The hyphae of EMF also form a dense mat or web-like structure in the soil surrounding the root system, which aids in nutrient and water absorption by the plant.

To know more about Ectomycorrhizal fungi, check out: https://brainly.com/question/19351175

#SPJ1

Biologist have observed that it is common for an animal that doubles its mass to increase its length 1.26 times. Suppose an animal has a mass of 2.5 kg and is 30 cm long. If this animal grows to a mass of 5 kg, how long will it be?

Answers

Answer:60

Explanation:

Here the reason. IT 2.5g and 30cm in the beginning. But then if it 5g Well that is double so means 30x2 is 60

Match the signs of development with the appropriate trimester. Fingerprints have developed. The fetus can hear and see. The heart beats for the first time. Nerve cells have developed. The sex can be determined. Fat begins to develop. The fetus starts to move.​

Answers

Answer:lo

Explanation:jj

Answer:

the attachment

Explanation:

Other Questions
Effective and carefully planned mission statements:A) require major changes every few months.B) require major changes every few quarters.C) require major revision every few years.D) do not require revision.E) require infrequent major changes, but are always subject to revision. What is the meaning of "the undercurrent of concern showing, that he was sure the British would not allow any great debacle or surrender"? why are there so many types of organisms and why are their distributions so restricted? what is swerve car game The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it:A) expands the thoracic cageB) pumps a greater volume of bloodC) pumps blood at a higher pressureD) sends blood through a smaller valve What is agranulocyte large round nucleus? Approximate the area between the x-axis and the graph of f(x) = x + 3 over the interval [0, 2]by calculating the sum of the areas of 4 rectangles with equal widths along the interval. Therectangles should be placed on the x-axis and the heights should be the function values at the rightendpoint of each subinterval, as shown below. a rectangular room is 3 meters longer than it is wide, and its perimeter is 30 meters. find the dimension of the room. Which evolutionary descriptive term is common to both fish and humans?a. primatesb. mammalsc. bacteriad. vertebratese. archaea Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body?a. Hearingb. Olfactionc. Visiond. Gustation page(s) 32-34 1.6. what were the chief features of the french and dutch empires in north america? identify the statement that describes the french treatment of natives How would you characterize the young, nameless boy? Support your answer with evidence from the text Loser. a group of adolescents has gathered at a park drinking beer. at the end of the outing, they get into an automobile driven by one of the teens. before even getting out of the park, the teen driver hits a tree and the air bags are deployed. looking around, everyone seems alright except the unconscious teen in the passenger seat who was not wearing a safety belt. the group decides to drop their friend off at the local hospital emergency department, hoping to avoid getting in trouble for underage drinking. No poema qual a classe gramatical da palavra ave What is the patient's right when it involves making changes in the personal medical record? For each of the following cases, indicate the amount of theforeign-earned income exclusion. (Disregard the effect of exemptions for certain allowances under Sec. 912. ) (Enter a "0" if there is no foreign-earned income exclusion. )a. Sam, a U. S. citizen, is an assistant to the ambassador to Spain. Sam lives and works in Spain. His salary of$90,000 is paid by the U. S. Government. B. Jim, a U. S. citizen, owns an unincorporated oil drilling company that operates in Argentina, where he resides. The business is heavily dependent on equipment owned by Jim. His profit for the year totaled $100,000. C. Ken, a U. S. citizen, works for a large Japanese corporation. Ken is employed in the United States, but must travel to Japan several times each year. During the current year he spent sixty days in Japan. This is typical of most years. His salary is $95,000 your friend has heard about the benefits of probiotics and asks if you have any recommendations of foods that are good sources of probiotics. which foods would you recommend? step 1: identify the molecular ion. first let's go over several mass spectrometry basics you will need to know in order to solve a mass spectrum. a. the original molecule that has lost an electron is called the . b. during fragmentation, what is generated? c. the largest peak in a mass spectrum is called the d. peaks observed on a mass spectrum are e. the molecular ion is . need help with this question psychologists who include perception, thinking, expectations and mental events with behavioral principles are known as