. In domestic cattle the spotting pattern of the coat can be controlled by several alleles. The Dutch
belt pattern is controlled by a dominant allele “A”. The Hereford pattern is “a1”, a solid pattern is “a2”,
and the Holstein pattern is “a”. The Dutch belt pattern is dominant to all other alleles. The Hereford
pattern is dominant to the solid and the Holstein pattern. The solid pattern is dominant to the Holstein
pattern and the Holstein pattern is recessive to all. So the dominance pattern looks like this: A>a1>a2>a.
Use this information to answer the following questions.
a. Can Holsteins produce Hereford offspring? Explain your answer.
b. Can Herefords produce solid offspring? Explain your answer.
c. Is it possible for two parents with different color patterns to have four offspring all with
different phenotypes? Explain your answer. Include a Punnett square or squares to explain
your answer.

Yes, Holsteins can produce Hereford offspring. Holsteins have the "a" allele, which is recessive to the "A" allele for the Dutch belt pattern, and the "a1" allele for the Hereford pattern.

Alleles are different forms of the same gene. Each gene has two alleles, one inherited from each parent. Alleles can be dominant, meaning they mask the effect of the other allele, or they can be recessive, meaning they are only expressed when two recessive alleles are present. Alleles can also be codominant, meaning they each contribute to the phenotype.

a. Yes, Holsteins can produce Hereford offspring. Holsteins have the "a" allele, which is recessive to the "A" allele for the Dutch belt pattern, and the "a1" allele for the Hereford pattern. Since "A" and "a1" are both dominant alleles, the offspring of a Holstein and Hereford parent will have the Hereford pattern.

b. Yes, Herefords can produce solid offspring. Herefords have the "a1" allele, which is dominant to the "a2" allele for the solid pattern. Since "a1" is dominant to "a2", the offspring of a Hereford and solid parent will have the solid pattern.

c. Yes, it is possible for two parents with different color patterns to have four offspring all with different phenotypes. For example, if the father has a Dutch belt pattern (Aa1a2a) and the mother has a Hereford pattern (Aa1aa), the Punnett square would look like this:

Father: Aa1a2a

Mother: Aa1aa

A A  Aa  Aa

a a1 a1

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