The beginning of another plant species by hybridization, combined with mishaps during cell division, is an illustration of autopolyploidy. The correct answer is (C).
Speciation by hybridization: For instance, when Loren Rieseberg and collaborators reproduced the phylogeny of a few sunflower animal categories, they found that few species had been shaped by preparations between different species.
Parent plants produce posterity that is polyploid. Consequently, the posterity lives in a similar climate as their folks, however, are reproductively disconnected.
A potential illustration of sympatric speciation is the apple slimy parasite, a bug that lays its eggs inside the product of an apple, making it decay. As the apple tumbles from the tree, the slimy parasites dive into the ground prior to arising as flies a while later.
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What are the 13 parts of an animal cell?
The thirteen parts of a particular animal cell are endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, mitochondria, vacuoles, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nuclear membrane, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, vesicles, centrioles, Golgi apparatus and nucleus.
The cells which are present in animals are known as the animal cell. The animal cells contain a plasma membrane but they do not contain a cell wall like in the case of plants. They also contain a number of membrane bound organelles and a well defined nucleus. They have an endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleolus, centrioles, Golgi apparatus.
They also have vesicles and a cytoskeleton which gives the cell its shape and also aids in the movement of the cell.
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n the absence of oxygen, cells capable of fermentationa. accumulate glucose.b. no longer produce ATP.c. accumulate pyruvate.d. oxidize FAD.e. oxidize NADH to produce NAD+.
Saccharomyces are facultative anaerobes. They make ATP by high-impact breath on the off chance that oxygen is open, however, are equipped for changing to growth or anaerobic breath-taking oxygen is missing. The correct answer is (e) oxidize NADH to produce NAD+.
In anaerobic circumstances, the cell needs to keep performing glycolysis to produce 2 ATP for every glucose since, in such a case that a cell isn't creating any ATP, it will kick the bucket. Note that the main piece of high-impact breath that genuinely utilizes oxygen is the electron transport chain.
Without even a trace of oxygen, cells produce ATP through glycolysis, which is a typical cycle in both high-impact and anaerobic breath. For example, Since the oxygen supply is inadequate for oxidative phosphorylation during exhausting activity, pyruvate is diminished to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase after glycolysis.
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How many nucleotides in messenger RNA's sequence makes a codon for an amino acid?
Three nucleotides in messenger RNA's sequence makes a codon for an Amino acid.
Each codon in messenger RNA (mRNA) is made up of three nucleotides. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis.
There are a total of 64 possible codons, with 61 codons coding for the 20 different amino acids found in proteins, and 3 codons serving as stop signals to indicate the end of the protein sequence.
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what are some ways that scientists overcome the limitations of dna microarray technology?
Major way by which scientists overcome the limitations of DNA microarray technology is by correctly transcribing the sample and reduce cross contamination.
In general ,the limitations of DNA microarray technology consists of the very high cost for the synthesis of gene-specific primers needed for the amplification of each gene in a genome, and also for the process of spotting and fluorophores that is used to label the reactions.
Also , the high background levels owed to cross-hybridization. And limited dynamic ranges needed for the detection attributed for both background and saturation signals. In order to Compare the expression levels across different experiments it become difficult and it will need a complicated normalization methods.
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the strength of dipole interactions are mostly determined by what?
Answer:
The strength of this interaction depends on: The magnitude of the dipole moment. Size of the polar molecule. The size and charge of an ion.
Explanation:The strength of this interaction depends on: The magnitude of the dipole moment. Size of the polar molecule. The size and charge of an ion.
Which one of the following statements about RNA processing is FALSE?
1. Introns are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.
2. snRNPs function in RNA splicing.
3. RNA splicing can be catalyzed by RNA polymerase.
4. A primary transcript is often much longer than the final RNA molecule that leaves the nucleus.
The statement that RNA splicing can be catalyzed by RNA polymerase is false, the correct option is 3.
The splicing of pre-mRNA into mature mRNA involves the removal of introns and the joining of exons by the spliceosome complex, which is composed of snRNPs and other proteins. This process is crucial for the generation of functional mRNA molecules that can be translated into proteins. During RNA processing, the primary transcript undergoes various modifications such as capping, polyadenylation, and splicing, resulting in the production of a mature mRNA molecule that is shorter and more stable than the primary transcript. This allows for efficient transport of the mRNA out of the nucleus and translation of the genetic information encoded in the mRNA.
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Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for the powdery mildew of grapes and late potato blight?1. plasmodial slime molds2. diatoms3. plants4. red algae5. water molds
The group that includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for the powdery mildew of grapes and late potato blight is: (5) water molds.
Late potato blight is disease of the plants like potato and tomato where water soaked spots appear at the edges of the lower leaves. These spots then convert into brown lesions. The disease is caused due to the fungus Phytophthora infestans.
Water molds are the fungus-like organisms which require water for the completion of their life cycle. They can be found around the bits of decaying organic matter. The mold is comprised of both decomposers and the parasites causing diseases.
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As the cardiac cycle begins, the semilunar valves are closed because the pressure exerted by the blood in the ventricles is ____ lower than the pressure the blood exerts int he great arteries.
As the cardiac cycle begins, the semilunar valves are closed because the pressure exerted by the blood in the ventricles is higher pressure lower than the pressure the blood exerts int he great arteries.
What is cardiac cycle and its function?A series of changes in pressure within the heart occur during the cardiac cycle. Blood flows through the various cardiac chambers and throughout the body as a result of these pressure changes.
What three phases make the cardiac cycle?Atrial and Ventricular diastole, Atrial systole, and Ventricular systole are the phases during which the heart's chambers rest and fill with blood (ventricles contract and push blood out through aorta and pulmonary artery).
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who was the first scientist to classify organisms?
The first scientist to classify organisms is considered to be the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived from 384-322 BC.
He classified organisms into two main groups, plants and animals, based on their ability to move. He further subdivided these groups based on characteristics such as habitat, behavior, and morphology.
However, it is worth noting that classification of organisms has a long history, and many other scientists before Aristotle also attempted to classify organisms. For example, the ancient Chinese philosopher and naturalist, Zhuangzi, classified animals based on their appearance and behavior around the 4th century BC. Additionally, the ancient Indian text, the Rigveda, which was composed around 1500-1200 BC, also contains descriptions of the classification of animals.
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1
What unique process occurs during Prophase I (of Meiosis I) to ensure new chromosomes aren't exact copies of the original chromosome?
A) a spindle forms and attached to each tetrad
B) crossing-over
C) independent assortment
D) nuclear envelope reforms
The unique process that occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis I to ensure new chromosomes aren't exact copies of the original chromosome is : crossing-over. Option B) is the correct answer.
What is Meiosis?This refers to a special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals.
meiosis also has distinct stages called:
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How many chromosomes does a blackberry have?
Blackberry belongs to the subgenus Rubus, is tetraploid (2n=4x=28) and has a haploid number of 14.
A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or a portion of an organism's genetic code. The very long, thin DNA fibers in most chromosomes are covered with packing proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most significant of these proteins.
Sex chromosomes and autosomes are the two primary types of chromosomes found in many organisms with distinct sexes. All features are inherited under the direction of autosomes, with the exception of those that are sex-related and are governed by the sex chromosomes.
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new nail growth comes from the _.
Under the cuticle, at the nail root, are where nails begin to grow. New nail cells at the nail's root push out the older nail cells as they expand.
Typically, all of the aged cells stiffen and flatten.
Keratin, a protein produced by these cells, is largely to blame for this. The freshly produced nail then proceeds down the nail bed, which is the flat area beneath your nails. The typical growth rate of your fingernails is 3.47 millimetres (mm) every month, or roughly 0.1 millimetre per day. The length of a short rice grain, for comparison, is approximately 5.5 mm. It could take up to six months for your fingernail to fully regrow if you lose one.
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3.) second stage: grub-like, 1 cm., cream to grey with small black spines third stage: large, coal black, up to 3 cm., lots of black spines; segmented adult
Many species of scarab beetles go through a complete metamorphosis, which means that they go through distinct stages of growth and development, including egg, larva (grub), pupa, and adult.
The second stage you described, which is grub-like, cream to grey with small black spines, sounds like the typical appearance of the larval stage of a scarab beetle.
The third stage you described, which is large, coal black, up to 3 cm, with lots of black spines and segmented, sounds like the typical appearance of the pupal stage of a scarab beetle.
Finally, the adult stage of a scarab beetle is usually a hard-shelled, segmented beetle with wings that can fly.
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of the taxa listed on the phylogeny, which is more closely related to bats?
Turtles and birds are closely related to bats, among the taxa listed on the phylogeny.
What is phylogeny?Phylogeny is the relationship between organisms descending from a common ancestor. It is the evolutionary history of organisms. The study of phylogeny is called phylogenetics.
A group that includes ancestors and all the descendant organisms is called a clade. It is very useful in the study of evolution, structural classification, organized knowledge of biodiversity, and how genes and genomes evolved.
Thus, turtles and birds are closely related to bats.
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The Km of an enzyme is 5.0 mM. Calculate the substrate concentration when this enzyme operates at one-quarter of its maximum rate. substrate concentration: mM Determine the fraction of Vmax that would be obtained when the substrate concentration, [S], is 0.5 Km. Round your answer to two significant figures. Vmax fraction: Enter numeric value Curve 1 An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction X = Y is isolated from two bacterial species. The enzymes have the same Vmax but different Km values for the substrate X. Enzyme A has a Km of 2.0 MM, and enzyme B has a Km of 0.5 uM. Kinetic experiments used the same concentration of each enzyme and 1 uM of substrate X. [Y] Curve 2 The graph plots the concentration of product Y formed over time. Time Based on the graphs and Km values of each enzyme, curve 1 corresponds to and curve 2 corresponds to
This enzyme uses 0.333 times as much substrate concentration as it can at its 25% maximal rate.
The connection between substrate concentration and Km
In actuality, Km is the substrate concentration at which the enzyme may accomplish half of Vmax. Because Km is a constant, raising the substrate concentration has no impact on it. An enzyme with a high Km has a poor affinity for its substrate and needs a larger concentration of substrate to achieve Vmax. The substrate concentration Km is equivalent to the substrate concentration at which the enzyme-catalyzed reaction proceeds at a rate that is half that of the maximum reaction rate.
V₀=Vmax(5)/5+Km
v₀/Vmax=5/5+km
=0.5km/1.50+km
=0.33
A protein-based molecule known as an enzyme speeds up a certain chemical reaction.
The Michaelis-Menten Equation is used to determine the connection between the substrate and reaction rate.
Vmax[S] = Vmax[Km + [S]
where V is the initial velocity, Km is the affinities measure, and S is the concentration of the substrate.
V = 0.25 [5.0] / 1/4 [5.0] .0]
V =1.67
The result of applying one quarter to the given equation is 1.67 mM.
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What are the nucleotide monomers of DNA and RNA?
Both DNA and RNA use the same four nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, and U/T), which are paired together in a specific way: A always pairs with T (or U in RNA), and C always pairs with G.
The nucleotide monomers of DNA and RNA are similar in structure but differ in the type of sugar they contain. The nucleotide monomers of DNA are made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T).
In contrast, the nucleotide monomers of RNA are made up of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or uracil (U). Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.
Both DNA and RNA use the same four nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, and U/T), which are paired together in a specific way: A always pairs with T (or U in RNA), and C always pairs with G. These base pairs form the building blocks of the double-stranded DNA molecule and the single-stranded RNA molecule.
Overall, the differences in the sugar molecule between DNA and RNA result in different physical and chemical properties of the molecules, which affect their function in the cell. DNA is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information, while RNA has many different roles, including carrying genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery, catalyzing chemical reactions, and regulating gene expression.
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the sun helps convert carbon dioxide into a simple carbohydrate called
The sun helps convert carbon dioxide into a simple carbohydrate called glucose.
Glucose is a type of sugar that is essential to many organisms, as it serves as a primary source of energy for cells. The process by which glucose is produced from carbon dioxide is called photosynthesis, and it is powered by energy from the sun.
During photosynthesis, chlorophyll-containing cells in plants, algae, and some bacteria use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The process involves a series of chemical reactions that take place in specialized structures called chloroplasts.
Glucose is then used by the organism to produce energy through a process called cellular respiration, which releases the stored energy in glucose and converts it into a form that can be used by cells. This process is vital for the survival of many organisms, as it provides the energy necessary for growth, movement, and other metabolic processes.
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in erythropoiesis, what is the name of the cell that has ejected its nucleus and other organelles prior to being released into the bloodstream?
The cellular that has expelled its cell nucleus before entering the circulation is known as a reticulocyte.
Reticulocytes are a sign of what?The quantity of young red blood cells (reticulocytes) throughout you extracellular environment is counted during a reticulocyte count. Reticulocyte counts are used by doctors to determine how much red blood cell production is occurring in your bone marrow. This examination is one of several available to identify and track ailments that have an impact on our red blood cells.
Does iron deficient anemia have a high reticulocyte count?The indicators of reticulocyte immaturity are greater when iron shortage is present, showing a lack of the building blocks needed to make hemoglobin. As a result, they may be used as early indicators of vitamin deficiency and anemia.
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What are the 2 bones in the leg?
The tibia and fibula are the two long bones in the lower leg. They connect the knee and ankle, but they are separate bones.
The bigger of the two lower leg bones, the tibia is sometimes known as the shinbone. The knee joint is located on top of the tibia, while the ankle joint is located at the bottom. It still needs the fibula's support even though this bone bears the bulk of the body's weight.
The tibia travels alongside the fibula, sometimes known as the calf bone, which is smaller than the tibia. Although it is situated below the knee joint, the top of the fibula is not actually a member of the joint. The exterior of the ankle joint is made up of the lower end of the fibula. Although it doesn't have much weight, the fibula aids in the tibia's stabilization.
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Name the three processes that commonly modify eukaryotic pre-mRNA. Select the three correct answers. -5' capping -intron splicing -3' polyadenylation.
5' capping intron splicing 3' polyadenylation is the three correct answers.
What is eukaryotic ?
Eukaryotes are organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles in their cells. All types of animals, plants, fungus, protists, and the majority of algae are eukaryotic creatures.
What is mRNA?
A kind of RNA present in cells. They transport data from the DNA in the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, which is where proteins are produced. known as messenger RNA.
Therefore, 5' capping intron splicing 3' polyadenylation is the three correct answers.
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T or F: Enzymes accelerate a reaction by making the ΔG more favorable.
It is TRUE that Enzymes accelerate a reaction by making the ΔG more favorable.
In living things, proteins called enzymes catalyze biological reactions. They function by improving reaction rate by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to happen. Enzymes reduce the activation energy required for the reactants to reach the transition state, where the reaction can take place.
Enzymes don't influence a reaction's free energy change (ΔG) or equilibrium constant. Instead, by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start, they speed up the reaction's rate. This makes it possible for the reaction to happen more quickly and with a lower energy input, which improves the ΔG.
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according to the 2015 dietary guidelines, what is the recommended daily intake of sodium for most people?
2,300 mg per day Sodium Adults and children over the age of 14 should not take more than 2,300 mg every day. The average American consumes 50% more potassium than is advised.
Which of the 2015 Dietary Standards for Americans is a recommendation?Reduce your intake of sodium and saturated fats as well as calories from added sugars. Eat a diet that is low in salt, saturated fats, and added sweets. Limit your consumption of foods and drinks that are higher in these nutrients to levels that are consistent with a balanced diet. Make the switch to healthier beverage and food choices.
In accordance with the 2015 2020 Provisioning Guidelines for Americans, which of the following nutrients is a public health concern?current dietary recommendations Public health dietary components include calcium, potassium, soluble fiber, and vitamin D. concern about the nation as a whole. Moreover, iron is a nutrient that raises public health concerns for pregnant women, infants .
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For an enzyme that follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics, KM is equal to:
Michaelis-Menten kinetics dictates that KM is equivalent to two times Vmax for an enzyme. Practically speaking, Km is the substrate quantity that enables the enzyme to reach half of Vmax.
Enzyme kinetics graph showing rate of reaction as a function of substrate concentration, with Vmax (maximum velocity) and Km (substrate concentration giving reaction rate of 1/2 Vmax) marked. An enzyme with a high Km has a low affinity for its substrate and needs a higher concentration of substrate to achieve Vmax.
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how are the lysogenic and lytic cycles different apex?
Lytic cycle includes the reproduction of viruses by using a host cell in order to manufacture more viruses and they burst out of the cell. lysogenic cycle includes the fusion of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within.
In general , the major difference between the lysogenic and lytic cycles states that, in lysogenic cycles, the viral DNA gets spread through the process of prokaryotic reproduction, on the other hand in lytic cycle the process is immediate and results in many copies of the virus being created very quickly and the cell is destroyed.
Hence , lytic cycle is different from the lysogenic cycle as in lytic cycle the death of the infected cell is a result of lysis, while the lysogenic cycle does not kill the cell. Viruses known as bacteriophages infect bacteria, and others can undergo both types of cycles.
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The following image is a food web in an aquatic ecosystem. What two possible consequences will an increased population of water fleas lead to?
The two possible consequences will an increased population of water fleas lead to: 1. An increased population of water fleas may disrupt the balance between predators and prey.
What is population?Population is the total number of people or organisms in a given area or region. It is usually measured as the number of individuals within a defined geographical area. Populations can be composed of any species, including humans, animals, and plants. The size of a population can be determined through censuses or surveys and is usually expressed as a number of individuals per unit area. Population growth can be affected by a variety of factors such as immigration, emigration, births, deaths, disease, and environmental change.
2. An increased population of water fleas may lead to decreased oxygen levels in the water, as the water fleas consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
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why cactus flowers bloom at night.
It reduces competition for pollinators by other plants, allowing the cactuses to bear more fruit.
Answer:
Most cactus bloom at night because of nocturnal pollinators
Explanation:
what conditions prompt hemoglobin to release oxygen?
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues throughout the body.
The release of oxygen from hemoglobin is regulated by several factors, including the concentration of oxygen in the tissues, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, and the pH of the blood.The main factor that prompts hemoglobin to release oxygen is a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the tissues. This occurs when the tissues are actively using oxygen to produce energy through cellular respiration. As the concentration of oxygen in the tissues decreases, hemoglobin undergoes a conformational change that makes it more likely to release its bound oxygen. This process is known as the Bohr effect. Another factor that can prompt hemoglobin to release oxygen is an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration and can build up in the blood if it is not removed through breathing. When carbon dioxide levels increase, the blood becomes more acidic, which can promote the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. Finally, changes in the pH of the blood can also prompt hemoglobin to release oxygen. Hemoglobin is more likely to release oxygen in an environment with a lower pH (i.e., more acidic), which can occur when tissues are producing high levels of carbon dioxide and lactic acid during periods of high metabolic activity.
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both the tricuspid and mitral valves have string like structures that ancore them and prevent them from inverting. what is the name of these heart strings?
The string-like structures that anchor and prevent the tricuspid and mitral valves from inverting are called chordae tendineae.
As per the question given,
These are strong fibrous cords that connect the valves to the papillary muscles, which are small muscles located in the heart wall. The chordae tendineae act like guide ropes, keeping the valve leaflets from flipping inside out or bulging into the atria when the ventricles contract.
The strength and integrity of these chordae tendineae are crucial for maintaining proper heart function and preventing valve disorders, such as regurgitation, where blood flows back into the atria instead of forward into the rest of the body.
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If you get a vaccine and feel sick the next day, the vaccine makes you sick.
True or False? Why?
Answer: false
Explanation: Its false because u dont get sick u just experience a little pain for a couple of days due to the vaccine. can I get brainlest (:
Visual acuity is greatest at the fovea of the eye.
true
false
True Visual acuity refers to the sharpness or clarity of vision, and it is greatest at the fovea of the eye.
The fovea is a small, central pit in the retina that contains a high concentration of cone cells, which are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. Because of this concentration of cones, the fovea provides the highest resolution and detail in our visual field.
In contrast, other areas of the retina, such as the periphery, have a lower density of cones and rely more on rod cells, which are more sensitive to low levels of light but are less effective at providing sharp, detailed images. Therefore, visual acuity decreases as we move away from the fovea towards the periphery of the retina.
The fovea is an important part of the visual system and plays a critical role in many visual tasks, such as reading, recognizing faces, and performing fine motor tasks that require precise hand-eye coordination. Understanding the distribution of cones and rods in the retina and the role of the fovea in visual acuity is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of many visual disorders, such as macular degeneration, which affects the fovea and can lead to severe visual impairment.
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