Column tells us more about properties of an element in periodic table. Columns are also known as groups.
In a modern periodic table, atoms with comparable properties are grouped in the same vertical column and the elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic number. With its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (occasionally) name, each box symbolizes an element. The components are arranged in 18 vertical columns called groups and seven horizontal rows known as periods or series. Each column's header lists the names of its groups. Roman numerals and capital letters have typically been used on labels in the United States. The IUPAC advises using the numbers 1 through 18, and these markings are more widely used. Parts of two of the rows, totaling 14 columns, are typically written below the primary table in order for it to fit on a single sheet.
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how to find oxidation number
The oxidation number of the atom is the number that will represents the total number of the electrons lost or the gained by it.
The oxidation number of the atom is the number that will represents the total number of the electrons lost or the gained by it. The free element has an oxidation number that is equal to zero. For the monoatomic ions, the oxidation number will always be has the same value as the charge related to the ion.
The hydrogen atom (H) will exhibits an oxidation state of the +1. The Oxygen has the oxidation of the -2 in most of the compounds. All the alkali metals that have the oxidation state of the +1 in the alkali compounds.
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What are the 4 rules for naming ionic compounds?
The four rules for naming ionic compounds are: 1) write the name of the cation, 2) write the name of the anion, 3) combine the names and 4) use roman numerals to indicate the charge of the cation if it is a transition metal.
The cation (positive ion) is named first, followed by the anion (negative ion).
The name of the cation is the same as the element from which it is derived. If the element can form cations with different charges, the charge is indicated using Roman numerals in parentheses after the element name.
The name of the anion is derived from the name of the element, with the ending changed to "-ide".
If the compound contains a polyatomic ion (a group of atoms with a net charge), the name of the ion is used in the compound name.
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aluminum reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to form aqueous aluminum chloride and of hydrogen gas over water at and . how many grams of aluminum reacted? the partial pressure of water at is . round your answer to significant figures.
Answer:0.0324
g Al
Explanation:We're asked to find the number of grams of
Al
that reacted, given some
H
2
(
g
)
product characteristics.
Let's first write the chemical equation for this reaction:
2
Al
(
s
)
+
6
HCl
(
a
q
)
→
2
AlCl
3
(
a
q
)
+
3
H
2
(
g
)
The total pressure of the gaseous system is given as
751
mm Hg
, and the partial pressure of water vapor is
26.8
mm Hg
at
27
o
C
. The pressure of hydrogen gas is thus
P
total
=
P
H
2
O
+
P
H
2
P
H
2
=
751
mm Hg
−
26.8
mm Hg
=
724
mm Hg
This pressure in atmospheres is
724
mm Hg
(
1
l
atm
760
mm Hg
)
=
0.953
atm
We'll now use the ideal gas equation to find the number of moles of
H
2
formed:
(
T
=
27
o
C
+
273
=
300
K
)
n
=
P
V
R
T
=
(
0.953
atm
)
(
0.0465
L
)
(
0.082057
L
∙
atm
mol
∙
K
)
(
300
K
)
=
0.00180
mol H
2
(volume converted to liters here)
Using the coefficients of the chemical equation, we'll now find the relative number of moles of
Al
that react:
0.00180
mol H
2
(
2
l
mol Al
3
mol H
2
)
=
0.00120
mol Al
Lastly, we'll use the molar mass of aluminum (
26.98
g/mol
) to find the number of grams that reacted:
0.00120
mol Al
(
26.98
l
g Al
1
mol Al
)
=
0.0324
g Al
Thus,
0.0324
grams of aluminum
reacted.
When 200. Ml of 2. 0 m naoh(aq) is added to 500. Ml of 1. 0 m hcl(aq), the ph of the resulting mixture is closest to (a) 1. 0 (b) 3. 0 (c) 7. 0 (d) 13. 0
the pH of solution will be one(1)
A measure of how basic or acidic aqueous or other liquid solutions are is called pH. The expression translates the hydrogen ion concentration, which normally ranges between 1 and 1014 gram-equivalents per litre, into values between 0 and 14. It is commonly used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy. Pure water, which has a pH of 7, has 107 gram-equivalents of hydrogen ions per litre, making it neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline). Acidic solutions are those with a pH below 7, while basic, or alkaline, solutions are those with a pH above 7.
Mole = concentration x volume 10 moles of NaOH are precisely neutralised by 10 moles of HCl in a volume of 50 milliliters.
NaOH + HCl [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] NaCl + [tex]H_2O[/tex]
that is 20 -10 = 10 HCl mole
Con of [tex]H^+[/tex] =[tex]\frac{ no\: of\: mole\: of\: H^+}{ total\: volume\: of\: solution}[/tex] (50+50 ml = 100 ml)
=[tex]\frac{10}{100}[/tex] = 0.1
pH = log ( H+)
= log (0.1) = 1
so ,the pH of solution will be one(1)
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What is NaCI as a compound?
NaCl is the chemical formula for sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt. It is a compound made up of two elements, sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl), that are chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio of 1:1.
The sodium and chlorine atoms in NaCl are held together by an ionic bond, which is a type of chemical bond formed between two oppositely charged ions. In this case, sodium loses one electron to become a positively charged ion (Na+), and chlorine gains one electron to become a negatively charged ion (Cl-).
The resulting Na+ and Cl- ions attract each other electrostatically to form a crystal lattice structure, which gives sodium chloride its characteristic salty taste and other physical and chemical properties.
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When a more complex compound breaks down into two simpler ones
Answer:
Displacement reaction
Explanation:
When 2.50 grams of ammonium chloride are dissolved in 100.0 mL of water inside an insulated Dewar flask with a total heat capacity of
at a constant pressure of one bar, a temperature decrease of is observed. Calculate the value of
for the dissolution of ammonium chloride in units of
. Is this an exothermic or endothermic process? Assume that no energy is lost as heat through the Dewar flask during the reaction.
Since the enthalpy change is positive, this is an endothermic process.
What is endothermic process?An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings. During an endothermic process, energy is transferred from the surroundings into the system, which results in a decrease in the temperature of the surroundings. This means that the system requires an input of energy in order to proceed.
Here,
To calculate the value of enthalpy change, we can use the formula:
ΔH = -q / n
Where:
q is the heat absorbed or released in the reaction
n is the number of moles of the solute (ammonium chloride)
We can calculate the heat released (q) in the reaction using the formula:
q = m × C × ΔT
Where:
m is the mass of the solution
C is the heat capacity of the Dewar flask
ΔT is the change in temperature of the solution
The mass of the solution can be calculated by converting the volume of water to mass, assuming a density of 1.00 g/mL:
m_solution = 100.0 mL × 1.00 g/mL = 100.0 g
The number of moles of ammonium chloride can be calculated using its molar mass:
molar mass of NH4Cl = 14.01 g/mol + 1.01 g/mol + 35.45 g/mol = 53.47 g/mol
n = 2.50 g / 53.47 g/mol = 0.0468 mol
The heat released can be calculated as:
q = 100.0 g × 1.76 J/g°C × (-8.00°C) = -1.41 × 10⁴ J
Substituting these values into the formula for ΔH, we get:
ΔH = -(-1.41 × 10⁴ J) / 0.0468 mol = 3.01 × 10⁵ J/mol
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T/F. the branch of chemistry that studies changes is called thermodynamics.
The branch which deals with the physical changes of substances is called physical chemistry. Thermodynamics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the heat changes in the substance. Hence, the statement is false.
What is thermodynamics ?Thermodynamics is a branch of chemistry that deals with the heat changes of a system. Thermos means temperature and dynamics means changes. It includes the enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy, internal energy, work done etc.
Physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and other complicated subjects like meteorology are just a few of the topics in science and engineering where thermodynamics is relevant.
The study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions swiftly followed the initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines.
The majority of the advancement and understanding in the discipline has come from the study of chemical thermodynamics, which examines the nature of the function of entropy in the course of chemical reactions. Hence, the statement is incorrect.
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endoplasmic reticulum definition
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is responsible for a variety of important cellular functions, including protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and calcium storage.
The ER is a network of membrane-bound tubes and sacs that extends throughout the cytoplasm of the cell, and it comes in two forms: the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
The RER is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for synthesizing proteins. As the proteins are synthesized, they are folded and modified in the lumen of the RER, and they may also be transported to other parts of the cell, such as the Golgi apparatus, for further processing.
The SER, on the other hand, lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification. It also plays a role in the regulation of calcium levels within the cell, by storing and releasing calcium ions as needed.
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--The given question is incorrect, the correct question is
"Define endoplasmic reticulum"--
a sealed vessel contains 4.0 g of nitrogen and 6.0 g of helium at 300 k. the total pressure in the vessel is 150 kpa. what is the partial pressure in kpa of nitrogen?
The partial pressure of nitrogen in the vessel is 13.0 kPa.
What is partial pressure?In the study of gases, the term "partial pressure" refers to the pressure that a single gas would experience if it were to occupy the same volume as the complete mixture. The quantity of a gas's molecules in a mixture directly relates to its partial pressure. The total pressure in a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. By multiplying the mole fraction of the gas in the mixture by the combination's total pressure, it is possible to get the partial pressure of a gas. Chemistry, physics, and engineering all use the idea of partial pressure extensively. Understanding the behavior of gases in numerous chemical and physical processes, such as gas exchange in the lungs and gas solubility in liquids, requires an understanding of partial pressure.
To find the partial pressure of nitrogen in the vessel, we need to use the mole fraction of nitrogen and the total pressure of the mixture.
moles of nitrogen = mass of nitrogen / molar mass of nitrogen = 4.0 g / 28.0134 g/mol = 0.1425 mol
moles of helium = mass of helium / molar mass of helium = 6.0 g / 4.0026 g/mol = 1.499 mol
The total number of moles of gas in the vessel is:
total moles = moles of nitrogen + moles of helium = 0.1425 mol + 1.499 mol = 1.6415 mol
The mole fraction of nitrogen is:
mole fraction of nitrogen = moles of nitrogen / total moles = 0.1425 mol / 1.6415 mol = 0.0868
The partial pressure of nitrogen is:
partial pressure of nitrogen = mole fraction of nitrogen x total pressure = 0.0868 x 150 kPa = 13.0 kPa
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How do you find the pH of acetic acid?
To find the pH of acetic acid, you need to know its concentration and dissociation constant.
Acetic acid is a weak acid, so it does not completely dissociate in water. Its dissociation constant is denoted by Ka and is equal to 1.8 x 10^-5 at 25°C. The pH of acetic acid can be calculated using the following formula:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
where pKa is the negative logarithm of the dissociation constant, [A-] is the concentration of the acetate ion, and [HA] is the concentration of undissociated acetic acid.
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what makes a solvent ideal for use in a recrystallization?
The solvent ideal for the use in the recrystallization is the one in which product will be the very soluble at the high temperatures but the only slightly soluble at the room temperature or lower.
The Recrystallization process is the technique that is used to purify the solid compounds. The Solids tend to be the more soluble in the hot liquids than in the cold liquids. During the process of the recrystallization, an impure solid compound will be dissolved in the hot liquid until the solution become saturated, and then the liquid is allowed to be cool.
The ideal solvent for crystallization of the particular compound is one in which product will be the very soluble at the high temperatures . The primary consideration is that solvent should be unreactive.
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______ The aggregation of nonpolar molecules or groups in water is thermodynamically favorable due to theA. increased entropy of the water molecules.B. decreased enthalpy of the system.C. increased entropy of the nonpolar molecules when they associate.D. very strong van der Waals forces among the nonpolar molecules or groups.What is the pH of an acetate/acetic acid solution (pKa= 4.7) in which acetic acid is 80% in its deprotonated form?
The aggregation of nonpolar molecules or groups in water is thermodynamically favorable due to the increased entropy of the nonpolar molecules when they associate. The pH of the acetate/acetic acid solution is 5.3. Option C is correct.
The nonpolar molecules tend to minimize their contact with water molecules, which increases the overall disorder or entropy of the system.
To calculate the pH of an acetate/acetic acid solution with a pKa of 4.7 and in which acetic acid is 80% in its deprotonated form, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])
where [A⁻] is the concentration of the acetate ion and [HA] is the concentration of acetic acid.
We know that the solution is 80% in its deprotonated form, which means that [A⁻]/[HA] = 4/1 (since there are 4 deprotonated acetate ions for every 1 protonated acetic acid molecule).
Substituting the values into the equation, we get:
pH = 4.7 + log(4/1) = 4.7 + 0.6 = 5.3
Hence, C. increased entropy of the nonpolar molecules when they associate is the correct option.
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What is the energy of a mole of photons of light that have a frequency of 8.23 × 10^15 Hz?
A. 3.38 × 10^J
B. 1.45 × 10^J
C. 5.45× 10^J
D. 8.79
The concept quantum theory of radiation is used here to determine the energy of a mole of photons. Here the energy of a mole of photons of light that have a frequency of 8.23 × 10¹⁵ Hz is . The correct option is C.
What is quantum theory of radiation?According to quantum theory of radiation energy can be absorbed or emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation called quantum. The energy of the radiation absorbed or emitted is found to be directly proportional to the frequency of radiation.
The equation is:
E = hν
ν - Frequency
h - Planck's constant
E = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js⁻¹ × 8.23 × 10¹⁵ s⁻¹
= 5.45 × 10⁻¹⁸ J
Thus the energy of a mole of photons of light is 5.45 × 10⁻¹⁸ J.
Thus the correct option is C.
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what is nystatin swish and swallow
Nystatin is an antifungal medication that is commonly used to treat fungal infections of the mouth and throat. Nystatin swish and swallow is a method of delivering the medication directly to the affected area in order to treat these types of infections.
The swish and swallow method involves taking a liquid suspension of nystatin and swishing it around in the mouth for several minutes before swallowing it. The medication is designed to coat the mouth and throat, allowing it to come into contact with any fungal infections that may be present.
To use the swish and swallow method, the patient should first shake the medication well to ensure that it is evenly mixed. The recommended dosage of nystatin will vary depending on the severity of the infection and other individual factors, so patients should follow the instructions provided by their healthcare provider.
To administer the medication, the patient should take a small amount of the suspension into their mouth and swish it around for several minutes, making sure to coat the entire mouth and throat. The medication should not be swallowed immediately, as it is important to allow it to come into contact with any fungal infections that may be present.
After several minutes of swishing, the patient should swallow the medication, being careful not to spit it out or rinse their mouth with water immediately after. This allows the medication to continue to work in the mouth and throat, providing effective treatment for fungal infections.
Side effects of nystatin swish and swallow are typically mild and may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Patients who experience more severe side effects or allergic reactions should contact their healthcare provider immediately.
In summary, nystatin swish and swallow is a method of delivering an antifungal medication directly to the mouth and throat in order to treat fungal infections. Patients should follow the instructions provided by their healthcare provider and swish the medication around in the mouth before swallowing. Side effects are typically mild, and patients who experience more severe side effects or allergic reactions should contact their healthcare provider immediately.
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why are atoms likely to share electrons?
The atoms of some elements share electrons because this provides them with a full valence shell. All atoms strive to attain a full valence shell, just like noble gases. This is the most stable electron arrangement.
If atoms can't attain a full outer shell by transferring electrons, they resort to sharing. In this mode, each atom can estimate the shared electrons as facets of its own valence shell. This sharing of electrons is covalent bonding. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in a mandate to gain more stability, which is attained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outermost (valence) electrons, atoms can suffice up their outer electron shell and gain stability.
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9. which compound in the following pairs would you expect to have the higher absolute entropy? briefly explain your rational for each. i. 1 mol co2(g) and 1 mol co(g) ii. 45 g sc(s) and 45 g sc(g) iii. 1 mole n2o4(g) in 1l and 1 mole n2o4(g) in 2l iv. 1 mole nh3(g) in 1l at 298k and 1 mole nh3(g) in 1l at 498k
1 mole n2o4(g) in 1l and 1 mole n2o4(g) in 2l compound in the following pairs would you expect to have the higher absolute entropy.
The correct option is (iii).
What is absolute and residual entropy?The lowest point on the enthalpy temperature scale is known as absolute zero. The entropy that a substance still possesses even at absolute zero is referred to as residual entropy. The vitreous state, or glass, is the most prevalent non-equilibrium state seen. Carbon monoxide is an additional example.
Is positive absolute entropy a constant?Free energy has to be negative for a process to be spontaneous. Reason: Changes in enthalpy and entropy are connected to changes in free energy. If a process is spontaneous, its change in entropy must always be positive.
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Classify the conditions given as indicating that a reaction is at equilibrium, is not at equilibrium, or that the conditions may occur in either state. --At equilibrium 1.The forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates. 2.The concentrations of products is and reactants are constant. --Not at equilibrium: 1.The concentration of reactants is slowly increasing. 2.The forward reaction is occurring at a very slow rate. --May or may not be at equilibrium: 1.The products and reactants have equal concentrations. 2.The concentration of products greater than the concentration of reactants.
The equal rate of forward and backward reactions is achieved at equilibrium state. Constant concentrations of products and reactants can be occurred in the equilibrium state.
What is chemical equilibrium ?Chemical equilibrium is the state where no exchange of chemical energy takes place, thus, the rate of forward reaction equals to the rate of backward reaction.
The concentration of reactants are constant at the equilibrium state. If any imbalance occurs in the system the system itself shift to a new equilibrium by balancing all the disorders.
The forward reaction is occurring at a very slow rate is not an equilibrium condition.
Concentration of products greater than that of reactants as well not n equilibrium condition. Both their concentration will be equal at equilibrium.
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What volume, in liters, does 128 grams of O2 occupy at STP?89.6 L22.4 L67.2 L44.8 L
Answer:
89.6 L
Explanation:
The volume of a gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure) is 22.4 L per mole of gas. To determine the volume of 128 grams of O2, we need to convert the mass of O2 to moles of O2:
First, we need to determine the number of moles of O2 in 128 grams of O2 using the molar mass of O2:
molar mass of O2 = 2 x atomic mass of O = 2 x 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g/mol
moles of O2 = mass of O2 / molar mass of O2
moles of O2 = 128 g / 32.00 g/mol = 4.00 mol
Now that we have the number of moles of O2, we can use the volume at STP for one mole of gas to calculate the total volume of the sample:
volume of O2 = number of moles of O2 x volume at STP per mole of gas
volume of O2 = 4.00 mol x 22.4 L/mol = 89.6 L
Therefore, 128 grams of O2 at STP occupies a volume of 89.6 L.
which reaction is not a reduction–oxidation reaction? a) AgNO3 + NaCl -> AgCl + NaNO3. b) CH4 + O2 -> CO2 +H2O. c) Li + Cl2 -> LiCl. d) NaClO3 -> NaCl + O2.
The reaction that is not a reduction-oxidation reaction is:
c) Li + Cl2 -> LiCl.
The transfer of electrons from one substance to another is the foundation of a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Lithium (Li) loses an electron to chlorine (Cl2) in this reaction, resulting in lithium chloride (LiCl). However, because neither lithium nor chlorine changes its oxidation state, this reaction is not considered a redox reaction.
On the other hand, all the other options involve the transfer of electrons from one substance to another, indicating a redox reaction.
a) AgNO3 + NaCl -> AgCl + NaNO3: In this reaction, silver (Ag) gains an electron to reduce from Ag+ to Ag, while chlorine (Cl) loses an electron to oxidize from Cl- to Cl2.
b) CH4 + O2 -> CO2 +H2O: In this reaction, carbon (C) loses electrons to oxidize from -4 to +4, while oxygen (O) gains electrons to reduce from 0 to -2.
d) NaClO3 -> NaCl + O2: In this reaction, chlorine (Cl) loses electrons to reduce from +5 to -1, while oxygen (O) gains electrons to reduce from +6 to -2.
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A chef finds a sealed container consisting of an ingredient that goes into his restaurant’s secret sauce. The ingredient’s molecules are moving in place. What will happen if the chef causes the ingredient to change phase by transferring energy into it?
After the phase change, the ingredient’s molecules will move . . .
a. faster, and the ingredient will be a solid.
b. faster, and the ingredient will be a liquid.
c. slower, and the ingredient will be a solid.
d. slower, and the ingredient will be a liquid.
A chef finds a sealed container consisting of an ingredient that goes into his restaurant's secret sauce. After the phase change, the ingredient molecules will move faster, and the ingredient will be a liquid.
The molecules of the item will move more quickly if the chef applies energy to the sealed container, causing the ingredient to transform from a solid to a liquid. This is so that the molecules may move about more freely when the energy input breaks the intermolecular connections that keep the component in a solid form. The molecules of solid substance will accumulate kinetic energy as the temperature rises, causing them to vibrate more fiercely in place.
The molecules will lose their intermolecular connections once the temperature hits the melting point, changing the ingredient's phase from a solid to a liquid. The constituent molecules move more freely in the liquid phase than they could in solid phase, but they will still be relatively close to one another and exhibit some intermolecular interaction. The temperature of the liquid will affect how quickly the molecules travel, with greater temperatures making this happen.
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determine the formula of the hydrated sulfate. the number of water molecules is usually a small whole number expressed as an integer before h2o in the formula. show calculations and use correct significant figures.
The formula of the hydrated sulfate for Epsom salt is MgSO₄.5H₂O. The number of water molecules in this hydrated sulfate formula is equal to 5.
A hydrate is a compound containing a specific mass of water in the form of H₂O. To determine the molecular formula of the hydrate,[anhydrous solid⋅xH₂O.
], moles of water per mole of anhydrous solid (x). Step of the hydrate formula :
determines the mass of water released from the compound. This is accomplished by subtracting the weight of the anhydrate from the weight of the hydrate. Converts the weight of water to moles. To do this, divide the mass of water by the molar mass of water to get the number of moles of water. Converts the mass of residual anhydrous into moles.Determines the molar ratio of water to anhydrous. Write formulas using molar ratios.Considering a 210.4 g sample of Epsom salt hydrate, heating MgSO₄.xH₂O. releases water, so the mass of the resulting anhydrate is 120.4 g. What is the molecular formula of this hydrated sulfate?
Determine the mass (in grams) of water leaving the compound.= 210.4 g MgSO₄.H₂O. - 120.4 g MgSO₄
= 90 g H2O.
Convert the weight of water to moles:= 90 g H₂O/ (18 g/mol H₂O) = 5 mol H₂O.
Convert the mass of the remaining anhydrous to moles:= 120.4 g MgSO₄ /(120.4 g/mol MgSO₄ ) = 1 mol MgSO₄.
Determine the molar ratio of water to anhydrous compound:= 5 mol H₂O /1 mol MgSO₄ = 5:1.
Since there are 5 moles of H₂O for every mole of MgSO₄, the molecular formula is MgSO₄.5H₂O. There are therefore 5 molecules of water in the formula of hydrated sulphate.
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Complete question:
determine the formula of the hydrated sulfate for Epsom salt, MgSO₄ nH₂O, the number of water molecules is usually a small whole number expressed as an integer before h2o in the formula. show calculations and use correct significant figures.
What is 6 carbon molecule?
Benzotriyne is the 6 carbon molecule.
Generally, Benzotriyne or cyclo[6]carbon is described as a hypothetical compound, or an allotrope of carbon with molecular formula C₆. Basically, the molecule is a ring of six carbon atoms, which is connected by alternating triple and single bonds.
It was found from recent investigations that benzotriyne is unlikely to exist due to the presence of large angle strain. A likely alternative isomer of benzotriyne would be a cyclic cumulene known as cyclohexahexaene, which should itself be a metastable species.
Hence, the carbon molecule which contains a total number of 6 carbon atoms is known as Benzotriyne.
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Describe three ways in which compounds and mixtures differ.
Compounds have fixed composition, properties and are chemically bonded while mixtures have variable composition, properties and are physically mixed.
Mixtures and combinations are two distinct sorts of substances. Compounds are unadulterated substances made out of at least two components synthetically reinforced together in a decent proportion, while blends are blends of at least two substances that are truly blended yet not artificially consolidated. Three manners by which mixtures and combinations vary are:
Piece: Mixtures have a proper creation and a particular proportion of molecules or particles, while blends have a variable synthesis with no particular proportion.
Properties: Mixtures have unmistakable properties, like a particular dissolving point, edge of boiling over, and compound reactivity, while blends have a scope of properties that rely upon the substances in the combination.
Detachment: Mixtures must be isolated by substance implies, like through a compound response, while blends can be isolated by actual means, like filtration, refining, or chromatography.
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what steps are necessary for finishing up a spectrophotometry experiment?
Finishing up a spectrophotometry experiment requires careful attention to detail, as well as knowledge of laboratory safety and experimental protocols. Proper documentation and analysis of the results can help ensure that the experiment is reproducible and the conclusions are valid.
What is spectrophotometry ?
Spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure the intensity of light absorbed or transmitted by a sample as a function of wavelength. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology to measure the concentration of a substance in a solution, based on the amount of light that is absorbed by the sample.
Finishing up a spectrophotometry experiment typically involves several steps, which may include:
Collecting data: Once the experiment is complete, the data from the spectrophotometer should be collected and recorded.
Analyzing the data: The data collected from the experiment should be analyzed to determine the absorbance values of the samples and standards, and to calculate the concentration of the unknown samples.
Cleaning the spectrophotometer: The spectrophotometer should be properly cleaned and maintained to ensure accurate results in future experiments.
Disposing of samples: Any unused samples or solutions should be disposed of properly, in accordance with laboratory safety guidelines and local regulations.
Recording results: The results of the experiment should be recorded in a laboratory notebook or other appropriate documentation, including the concentrations of the unknown samples and any other relevant data.
Drawing conclusions: Based on the results of the experiment, conclusions should be drawn and any further experiments or investigations should be planned.
Presenting the results: If the experiment is part of a larger research project, the results may be presented in a scientific paper, poster, or presentation.
Overall, finishing up a spectrophotometry experiment requires careful attention to detail, as well as knowledge of laboratory safety and experimental protocols. Proper documentation and analysis of the results can help ensure that the experiment is reproducible and the conclusions are valid.
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when a utensil is stored in water between uses, what are the requirements? answer choices A. running water at any temperature, or a container of water at 70 degrees F or lower B. running water at any temperature, or a container of water at 135 degrees F of higherC. running water at 70 degrees F or lower, or a container of water at 70 degrees F or lower D. running water at 135 degrees F or higher, or a container of water at 135 degrees F or higher
When a utensil is stored in water between uses, the requirements are running water at 135 degrees F or higher, or a container of water at 135 degrees F or higher. So, correct answer is option (D).
A safe food that require controlled time and temperature is known as TCS food, include milk and dairy products, eggs, and meat (beef, pork, lamb). The
utensil should be placed over the rim of the container with the handle facing up. Plates without TCS can be placed on clean, sanitized surfaces that come in contact with food. Some spoons or ladles can be kept under running water. Periodically store used tools in a container of water maintained at 135 degree F (57°C) or higher and clean tools and containers at least every 24 hours or as often as necessary to prevent dirt build-up.
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A reaction has a rate constant of 1.23×10−4 s−1 at 26 ∘C and 0.232 s−1 at 79 ∘C .
Part A
Determine the activation barrier for the reaction.
Express your answer in units of kilojoules per mole.
Part B
What is the value of the rate constant at 18 ∘C ?
Express your answer in units of inverse seconds.
The rate constant at 18°C is approximately 4.36×10^-5 s^-1. The activation energy determines the rate of a reaction, as reactions with higher activation energies require more energy and therefore occur more slowly than reactions with lower activation energies.
What is Activation Energy?
It is the energy required for reactant molecules to collide with enough force to overcome the energy barrier and form products.
To determine the activation energy of the reaction, we can use the Arrhenius equation:
k = A e^(-Ea/RT)
where k is the rate constant, A is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K), and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
We can use the given rate constants and temperatures to set up two equations and solve for the activation energy:
k1 = A e^(-Ea/RT1)
k2 = A e^(-Ea/RT2)
Taking the ratio of the two equations eliminates the pre-exponential factor:
k2/k1 = e^(Ea/R (1/T1 - 1/T2))
Substituting in the given values:
k2/k1 = 0.232 s^-1 / 1.23×10^-4 s^-1 = 1886.2
T1 = 26 + 273.15 = 299.15 K
T2 = 79 + 273.15 = 352.15 K
Solving for Ea:
ln(k2/k1) = (-Ea/R) (1/T1 - 1/T2)
Ea = -R ln(k2/k1) / (1/T1 - 1/T2)
Ea = -8.314 J/mol·K * ln(1886.2) / (1/299.15 K - 1/352.15 K)
Ea ≈ 90.7 kJ/mol
Therefore, the activation energy of the reaction is approximately 90.7 kJ/mol.
To find the rate constant at 18°C, we can use the same Arrhenius equation:
k = A e^(-Ea/RT)
Rearranging the equation and solving for k:
k = A e^(-Ea/RT) = k1 e^(Ea/R (1/T1 - 1/T))
Substituting in the given values:
k1 = 1.23×10^-4 s^-1
R = 8.314 J/mol·K
T1 = 26 + 273.15 = 299.15 K
T = 18 + 273.15 = 291.15 K
k = 1.23×10^-4 s^-1 * e^(90.7 kJ/mol / (8.314 J/mol·K * (1/299.15 K - 1/291.15 K)))
k ≈ 4.36×10^-5 s^-1
Therefore, the rate constant at 18°C is approximately 4.36×10^-5 s^-1.
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Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction at 25 ∘ C. Standard enthalpy of formation values can be found in this list of thermodynamic properties. Mg(OH)2(s)+2HCl(g)⟶MgCl2(s)+2H2O(g)
ΔH∘rxn =
The standard enthalpy change for the reaction at the 25 °C is the -16.3 kJ.
The chemical reaction is as follows :
Mg(OH)₂(s) + 2HCl(g -----> MgCl₂(s) + 2H₂O(g)
The ΔHf Mg(OH)₂ = - 924.5 kJ/mol
The ΔHf HCl = - 92.30 kJ/mol
The ΔHf MgCl₂ = - 641.8 kJ/mol
The ΔHf H₂O = -241.8 kJ/mol
The standard enthalpy change of the rection is as :
ΔH∘rxn = ∑ ΔHf product - ∑ ΔHf reactant
= ( -641.8 + (2× -241.8 ) - ( - 924.5 + ( 2 × - 92.30 ))
ΔH∘rxn = - 16.3 kJ
The enthalpy change for the reaction is -16.3 kJ.
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how are ion channels and ion pumps different?
The main differences between ion channels and ion pumps are that ion channels allow ions to passively move across the membrane and are typically regulated by external stimuli, while ion pumps actively transport ions across the membrane using energy and are not directly regulated by external stimuli.
Ion channels and ion pumps are both involved in the movement of ions across cell membranes, but they operate through different mechanisms and have different functions.
Ion channels are protein structures that allow ions to move across cell membranes by creating a pore or channel through which they can pass. Ion channels are typically highly selective, allowing only certain types of ions to pass through. Ion channels can be gated, meaning that they can be opened or closed in response to various stimuli, including changes in membrane potential, binding of ligands, or mechanical stress. Ion channels are important for the rapid movement of ions across the membrane, which is necessary for processes such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.
In contrast, ion pumps are membrane proteins that actively transport ions across the membrane using energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis. Ion pumps are highly selective and can transport ions against their concentration gradients. One example of an ion pump is the sodium-potassium pump, which transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell for every ATP molecule hydrolyzed. Ion pumps are important for maintaining ion concentrations inside and outside the cell, and for regulating cell volume.
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as the concentration of ferrous iron decreases your sample absorbs _______ light, therefore ______ light reaches the detector.
As the concentration of ferrous iron decreases, your sample absorbs less light, therefore more light reaches the detector.
What happens when a sample containing ferrous iron is exposed to light?When a sample containing ferrous iron is exposed to light at a specific wavelength, some of the light is absorbed by the ferrous iron molecules in the sample. This results in a decrease in the intensity of the light that reaches the detector, which is measured as the absorbance of the sample.
The amount of light absorbed by the ferrous iron molecules is directly proportional to their concentration in the sample. Therefore, if the concentration of ferrous iron in the sample decreases, there are fewer molecules to absorb the light, and more light reaches the detector. This results in a lower absorbance reading for the sample.
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